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Waste
\"Larkhill, Ontario. 1989. A city on the brink of utter economic collapse. On the brink of violence. Driving home one night, unlikely passengers Jamie Garrison and Moses Moon hit a lion at eighty miles an hour. Both men stumble away from the freak accident relatively unharmed, but neither reports the bizarre incident. No one says anything at all. Haunted by the dead lion they left behind, both men go their separate ways. Moses storms through frozen city with his pathetic crew of wannabe skinheads as they search for his mentally unstable brother. Across town, Jamie struggles with raising his young daughter following a terrible divorce and a dead-end job behind the counter in a butcher shop, where a dead body shows up in the waste buckets out back. A deliberate warning of something far worse to come. Somewhere out there in the dark, a man is still looking for his lion. His name is Astor Crane, and he has never really understood forgiveness. \"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
American epidemic : reporting from the front lines of the opioid crisis
\"Just a few years ago, the opioid crisis could be referred to as a \"silent epidemic,\" but it is no longer possible to argue that the scourge of opiate addiction is overlooked. This is in large part thanks to the writings featured in this volume, which includes some of the most impactful reporting in the United States in recent years addressing the opiate addiction crisis. American Epidemic collects, for the first time, the key works of reportage and analysis that provide the best picture available of the origins, consequences, and human calamity associated with the epidemic.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Diabetes and the heart
•Diabetes and cardiac disease commonly co-exist, with the most common manifestations being coronary artery disease, heart failure and atrial fibrillation.•Comprehensive cardiovascular risk stratification should be undertaken in all patients with diabetes, and all patients with cardiovascular disease should be screened for diabetes. In T2DM, SCORE2-Diabetes or QRISK3 could be used to estimate 10-year risk of atherosclerotic CVD and WATCH-DM to estimate risk of heart failure.•Ischaemic heart disease is a common cause of death in patients with diabetes and can pose a diagnostic challenge, due to increased atypical presentations in diabetes.•Specific medications with glucose-lowering properties and evidence of improved outcomes in cardiovascular outcome trials include SGLT2-I and GLP-1 receptor agonists.•A holistic and patient-centred approach is required when approaching patients with diabetes and co-existent cardiac disease, due to the likely existence of other comorbidities.
Diabetes mellitus and cardiac problems frequently coexist, posing significant challenges for both generalists and specialists. This article discusses the common cardiac manifestations of diabetes including coronary artery disease, heart failure and arrythmia, outlining specific diagnostic strategies and management in people with diabetes. We also discuss specific cardiovascular risk stratification strategies in diabetes, as well as glucose-lowering therapies with potential cardiovascular benefits. Ultimately a holistic approach is needed for individuals with co-existent cardiac problems and diabetes, tailoring management strategies to specific patient needs.
Journal Article
Complementary policies for multidimensional problems
Governments use multiple policies targeting different severities of housing insecurity to address multidimensional urban problems such as homelessness, where poverty and unaffordable housing intertwine with many causes and contexts. Previous studies have focused on the determinants of housing insecurity or using affordable housing alone but not on how using multiple policies jointly reduces homelessness. We explore if affordable housing created by the low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC) complements homeless services through the housing security network in decreasing homelessness in communities. Utilising a first-differenced model with panel data from 2007 to 2015, results indicate that LIHTC unit developments complement homeless services in moderately reducing homelessness when both policies are used relative to only using homeless services. Studying multiple policies addressing homelessness creates a useful application of theory on complementary policies to see how affordable housing with homeless services affects homelessness at the community level.
各国政府利用针对不同严重性的无住房保障问题的各种政策来解决多层面的城市问题，如无家可归问题，在这些问题中，贫困和住房缺乏可负担性与许多原因和背景交织在一起。以前的研究侧重于无住房保障的决定因素或单独使用经济适用房，而不是使用多种政策共同减少无家可归现象。我们探索由低收入住房税收抵免(LIHTC)创造的经济适用房是否可通过住房保障网络补充无家可归者服务，以减少社区中的无家可归现象。利用2007年至2015年的面板数据的第一差分模型，我们的研究结果表明，与仅使用无家可归者服务相比，当两种政策相同时使用时，LIHTC单位开发可补充无家可归者服务，从而适度减少无家可归者。研究解决无家可归问题的多种政策，有助于应用补充政策理论，了解提供无家可归者服务如何与经济适用住房一道，影响社区一级的无家可归问题。
Journal Article
Interactions of non-intersecting oblique lines of fire burning in surface fuels in a combustion wind tunnel with and without wind
BackgroundHigh-intensity wildfires are often characterised by the interaction of multiple coalescing fires. Previously, results of investigation of obliquely intersecting lines of fire in a ‘V’ configuration in dry eucalypt forest litter were reported.AimThis article reports on investigation of the behaviour of separated non-intersecting lines of fire in the absence and presence of wind.MethodsExperiments in the CSIRO Pyrotron combustion wind tunnel investigated interactions of lines of fire of 800 and 1500 mm lengths located at incident angles of 30° and 45° and separated at the closest point by 150 mm.Key resultsThe behaviour of separated fires in wind was fundamentally different to that of fires burning in no wind and previous non-separated fires, sustaining separation for some time and distance before merging.ConclusionsAlthough all fires showed evidence of interactions, the strength of interaction was greater in larger fires with more energetic flames, suggesting a key influence of the magnitude and rate of release and transfer of heat to unburnt fuels.ImplicationsFuture research should focus on quantifying contributions of aspects such as fuel combustibility and bulk density that contribute to and determine the convecto–radiative interactions of fires so such behaviour can be predicted a priori.
Journal Article
An empirical-based model for predicting the forward spread rate of wildfires in eucalypt forests
Reliable and accurate models of the speed of a wildfire front as it moves across the landscape are essential for the timely prediction of its propagation, to devise suitable suppression strategies and enable effective public warnings. We used data from outdoor experimental fires and wildfires to derive an empirical model for the rate of fire spread in eucalypt forests applicable to a broad range of wildfire behaviour. The modelling analysis used logistic and non-linear regression analysis coupled with assumed functional forms for the effect of different environmental variables. The developed model incorporates the effect of wind speed, fine dead fuel moisture, understorey fuel structure, long-term landscape dryness and slope steepness. Model evaluation against the data used for its development yield mean absolute percentage errors between 35 and 46%. Evaluation against an independent wildfire dataset found mean percentage errors of 81 and 84% for two landscape dryness conditions. For these wildfires, the mean error was found to decrease with increasing rates of spread, with this error dropping below 30% when observed rates of spread were greater than 2 km h−1. The modular structure of the modelling analysis enables subsequent improvement of some of its components, such as the dead fuel moisture content or long-term dryness effects, without compromising its consistency or function.
Journal Article
Two methods for calculating wildland fire rate of forward spread
Accurate estimation of a wildland fire’s progression is critical for the development of robust fire spread prediction models and their validation. Two methods commonly used to determine spread rate are the cumulative spread rate, calculated as the total distance travelled by a fire divided by the total time of travel, and the interval spread rate, calculated using the minimum time and maximum distance between observations. This paper analyses the differences between these two methods using experimental fires conducted in dry eucalypt forest leaf litter in either a combustion wind tunnel or large (4 ha) field sites. Fires were ignited from a point, 400-mm and 800-mm line ignitions in the wind tunnel, and point and 120-m line ignitions in the field experiments. A total of 312 and 397 observations of distance travelled and time taken were made during the laboratory and field experiments respectively, along with associated environmental variables. Mean spread rates and standard deviations were significantly greater for the interval method than those of the cumulative method for all the laboratory data and the field point ignition fires, and the difference between them varied with distance and time since ignition. These findings have important implications for fire spread and acceleration model development.
Journal Article
Initial growth of fires in eucalypt litter, from ignition to steady-state rate of spread: laboratory studies
As part of an investigation of wildfire growth and acceleration, the initial growth of incipient fires burning in uniform dry eucalypt forest (Eucalyptus rossii, E. macrorhyncha) litter fuel of 1.2 kg m−2 was studied in a combustion wind tunnel with a fuel bed width of 1.5 m. Fifty-eight fires of three ignition patterns (point, 400-mm line and 800-mm line) were carried out at two air speeds (1.25 and 2.0 m s−1) and two dead fuel moisture content (FMC) groups for each air speed (≤7.5% and >7.5% oven-dry weight for the low air speed and ≤5% and >5% for the high air speed). The fraction of steady-state rate of spread reached as a function of time was determined and fitted to two theoretical fire growth models from the literature. The best model suggests the times for a point ignition fire to reach steady-state spread rate were ~38 and 50 min under the higher FMC for 2.0 m s−1 and 1.25 m s−1 air speeds, respectively, and ~25 min under the lower FMC for 2.0 m s−1. Future work will extend these results to field-scale fire behaviour, which will help improve operational response to wildfire outbreaks and planning of ignition patterns for prescribed burning.
Journal Article
The 1986 Annaburroo experimental grassland fires: data
BackgroundIn 1986, CSIRO conducted a large program of experimental fires in grassland at Annaburroo Station, Northern Territory, Australia, with the objective of quantifying the effect of fuel condition (load and height) on fire behaviour.AimsThis paper provides the data collected during this program, representing a unique set of observations and measurements of large, free-burning experimental fires conducted in a multi-factor experimental design.MethodsData are collated by experimental burn plot, providing detailed measurements of weather (wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity), fuel state (load, height, moisture content, curing) and fire behaviour (rate of spread, flame depth, flame height, head fire width), as well as processed information (e.g. steady-state rate of spread).Data availabilityThe data are made available for free download on the CSIRO Data Access Portal (https://data.csiro.au/collection/csiro:58746) and include detailed metadata descriptions of the data and their structure, also provided in this article.ConclusionsWe have made the data available for fire behaviour researchers around the world to use in their research under the Creative Commons Attributions licence. It is hoped they will analyse these data and extract new and innovative insights to help improve our understanding of wildland fires burning in grass fuels.
Journal Article