Explore the vast range of titles available.

The underwater domain presents unique challenges and opportunities for scientific exploration, resource extraction, and environmental monitoring. Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) rely on simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) for real-time navigation and mapping in these complex environments. However, traditional SLAM techniques face significant obstacles, including poor visibility, dynamic lighting conditions, sensor noise, and water-induced distortions, all of which degrade the accuracy and robustness of underwater navigation systems. Recent advances in deep learning (DL) have introduced powerful solutions to overcome these challenges. DL techniques enhance underwater SLAM by improving feature extraction, image denoising, distortion correction, and sensor fusion. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest developments in DL-enhanced SLAM for underwater applications, categorizing approaches based on their methodologies, sensor dependencies, and integration with deep learning models. We critically evaluate the benefits and limitations of existing techniques, highlighting key innovations and unresolved challenges. In addition, we introduce a novel classification framework for underwater SLAM based on its integration with underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). UWSNs offer a collaborative framework that enhances localization, mapping, and real-time data sharing among AUVs by leveraging acoustic communication and distributed sensing. Our proposed taxonomy provides new insights into how communication-aware SLAM methodologies can improve navigation accuracy and operational efficiency in underwater environments. Furthermore, we discuss emerging research trends, including the use of transformer-based architectures, multi-modal sensor fusion, lightweight neural networks for real-time deployment, and self-supervised learning techniques. By identifying gaps in current research and outlining potential directions for future work, this survey serves as a valuable reference for researchers and engineers striving to develop robust and adaptive underwater SLAM solutions. Our findings aim to inspire further advancements in autonomous underwater exploration, supporting critical applications in marine science, deep-sea resource management, and environmental conservation.

We have calculated the mass spectrum of B s mesons within a nonrelativistic potential model considering coupled channel effects, and the corresponding strong decay widths within the 3 P 0 model using the numerically calculated wave functions. By comparing with the available experimental data, we find that the states B s , B s ∗ , B s 1 ( 5830 ) , and B s 2 ∗ ( 5840 ) could be interpreted as the B s ( 1 1 S 0 ) , B s ( 1 3 S 1 ) , B s ( 1 P ′ ) , and B s ( 1 3 P 2 ) , respectively. Although the quantum numbers of the newly observed B s ( 6109 ) and B s ( 6158 ) states have not been determined, our results support the assignments of B s ( 1 3 D 3 ) and B s ( 1 3 D 1 ) for them. Our predictions are helpful in searching for the bottom-strange meson in future experiments.

In this work, we investigate how the details of the quark-gluon interaction vertex affect the quantitative description of chiral symmetry breaking through the gap equation for quarks. We start from two gluon propagator models widely used in literature and constructed in direct connection with our gradually improved understanding of infrared quantum chromodynamics coupled with its exact one-loop limit. The gap equation is then solved by employing a variety of vertex \\emph{Ans\"atze}, which have been constructed in order to implement some of the key aspects of quantum chromodynamics, namely, multiplicative renormalizability of the quark propagator, gauge invariance, matching with perturbation theory in the weak coupling regime, independence from unphysical kinematic singularities as well as manifestly correct transformation properties under charge conjugation and parity operations. On general grounds, all truncation schemes exhibit the same qualitative and quantitative pattern of chiral symmetry breaking, ensuring the overall robustness of this approach and its potentially reliable description of the hadron spectrum and properties.

We calculate the spectrum of \\(B_c\\) mesons using a non-relativistic quark potential model. Using the calculated wave functions, we compute the radiative widths of \\(B_c\\) excited states. The strong decay widths are calculated in a modified \\(^3P_0\\) model, assuming harmonic oscillator wave functions. The hadronic transition rates of \\(B_c\\) mesons are calculated using the Kuang-Yan approach. These results are used to determine branching ratios of possible decay channels of several \\(B_c\\) excited states. Calculated branching ratios are then combined with production cross section of \\(B_c\\) states at the LHC to suggest strategies to find missing excited states of \\(B_c\\) mesons.

The strong decay amplitudes and radiative partial widths of orbital and radially excited states of \\(B\\) and \\(B_s\\) mesons are presented. These results are obtained with a nonrelativistic potential quark model, the nonrelativistic reduction of the electromagnetic transition operator, and the \"\\(^3P_0\\)\" model of strong decays. The predictions are compared to experiment where possible and assignments for the recently discovered states, \\(B_1(5721)\\), \\(B_2^*(5747)\\), \\(B_J(5840)\\), \\(B_J(5970)\\), \\(B_{s1}(5830)\\), and \\(B_{s2}^*(5840)\\), are made.

Using our extension of the quark potential model to hybrid mesons that fits well to the available lattice results, we now calculate the masses, radii, wave functions at origin, leptonic and two photon decay widths, E1 and M1 radiative transitions for a significant number of bottomonium mesons. These mesons include both conventional and hybrid ones with radial and angular excitations. Our numerical solutions of the Schrodinger equation are related to QCD through the Born-Oppenheimer approach. Relativistic corrections in masses and decay widths are also calculated by applying the leading order perturbation theory. The calculated results are compared with available experimental data and the theoretical results by other groups. We also identify the states of \\(\\Upsilon(10860)\\), \\(\\Upsilon(11020)\\), and \\(Y_b(10890)\\) mesons by comparing their experimental masses and decay widths with our results.

The mass spectrum of the charmed mesons is investigated by considering the coupled channel effects within the nonrelativistic potential model. The predicted masses of the charmed mesons are in agreement with experimental data. The strong decay properties are further analyzed within the \\(^3P_0\\) model by using numerical wave functions obtained from nonrelativistic potential model. Based on the predicted masses and decay properties, we give a classification of the recently observed charmed states. Especially, we have effectively explained the masses and decay properties of the \\(D_1^*(2600)\\) and \\(D_1^*(2760)\\) by considering the \\(S\\)-\\(D\\) mixing. Furthermore, the predicted masses and decay properties of the \\(2P\\) wave states are helpful to search for them experimentally in future.

The quark potential model for mesons and its extension for hybrid mesons are used to study the effects of radial excitations on the masses, sizes and radial wave functions at the origin for conventional and hybrid charmonium mesons. These results can help in experimentally recognizing hybrid mesons. The properties of conventional and hybrid charmonium mesons are calculated for the ground and radially excited states using the shooting method to numerically solve the required Schr odinger equation for the radial wave functions. We compare our results with the experimentally observed masses and theoretically predicted results of the other models. Our results have implications for scalar form factors, energy shifts, and polarizabilities of conventional and hybrid mesons. The comparison of masses of conventional and hybrid charmonium meson with the masses of recent discovered XYZ-particles is also discussed.

Motivated by two news states \\(h_1(1911)\\) and \\(h_1(2316)\\) observed by BESIII, we have investigated the mass spectrum and the strong decay properties of the strangeonium mesons within the modified Godfrey-Isgur model by considering the screening effects. We have determined the free parameters using the masses and widths of the well established \\(s\\bar{s}\\) states \\(\\phi(1020)\\), \\(\\phi(1680)\\), \\(h_1(1415)\\), \\(f_2^\\prime(1525)\\), and \\(\\phi_3(1850)\\). According to our results, \\(h_1(1911)\\) and \\(h_1(2316)\\) could be well explained as states \\(h_1(2^1P_1)\\) and \\(h_1(3^1P_1)\\) \\(s\\bar{s}\\) states, respectively. Meanwhile, the possible assignments of \\(X(2000)\\), \\(\\eta_2(1870)\\), and \\(\\phi(2170)\\) as \\(3^3S_1\\), \\(1^1D_2\\), and \\(2^3D_1\\) are also discussed. Furthermore, the masses and widths of the \\(2S\\), \\(3S\\), \\(1P\\), \\(2P\\), \\(3P\\), \\(1D\\), and \\(2D\\) \\(s\\bar{s}\\) states are also given and compared with various theoretical predictions, which is helpful for the observations and confirmations of these states in future.

Based upon a combined formalism of Schwinger-Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter equations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), we propose a QCD kindred algebraic model for the dressed quark propagator, for the Bethe-Salpeter amplitude of the pion and the electromagnetic quark-photon interaction vertex. We then compute the \\(\\gamma^{*}\\pi^0\\gamma\\) transition form factor \\(G^{\\gamma^{*}\\pi^0\\gamma}(Q^2)\\) for a wide range of photon momentum transfer squared \\(Q^2\\). The quark propagator is expanded out in its perturbative functional form but with dynamically generated dressed quark mass. It has complex conjugate pole singularities in the complex-momentum plane which is motivated by the solution of the quark gap equation with rainbow-ladder truncation of the infinite set of Schwinger-Dyson equations. This complex pole singularity structure of the quark propagator can be associated with a signal of confinement which prevents quarks to become stable asymptotic states. The Bethe-Salpeter amplitude is expressed without a spectral density function, which encapsulate its low and large momentum behaviour. The QCD evolution of the distribution amplitude is also incorporated into our model through the direct implementation of Efremov-Radyushkin-Brodsky-Lepage evolution equations. We include the effects of the quark anomalous magnetic moment in the description of the quark-photon vertex whose infrared enhancement is known to dictate hadronic properties. Once the QCD kindred model is constructed, we calculate the form factor \\(G^{\\gamma^{*}\\pi^0\\gamma}(Q^2)\\) and find it consistent with direct QCD-based studies as well as most available experimental data. It slightly exceeds the conformal limit for large \\(Q^2\\) which might be attributed to the scaling violations in QCD. The associated interaction radius and neutral pion decay width turn out to be compatible with experimental data.