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Spatial representation of sanitation infrastructure and service coverage is essential for management planning and prioritising services. The provision of sanitation services in developing countries is inherently unequal because the sanitation infrastructure is lacking, and onsite sanitation is managed individually. Here, we developed a prototype method for creating a spatial representation of faecal sources and movement in a small area in Rajshahi city in northwest Bangladesh, which is representative of 60 other such secondary cities. We demonstrate an approach to estimate spatial variability in faecal production at the building scale by combining widely accessible buildings, ground elevation, and population data. We also demonstrate an approach to attribute potential faecal movement pathways by integrating drainage data, and faecal production at the building scale. We made use of free and open-source data and provide answers to the broader topic of spatial representation of faecal mobility in unsewered urban settings, which has implications in a similar setting in developing countries.

Objective: Framework Analysis (FA) and Applied Thematic Analysis (ATA) are qualitative methods that have not been as widely used/cited compared to content analysis or grounded theory. This paper compares methods of FA with ATA for mobile health (mHealth) research. The same qualitative data were analyzed separately using each methodology. The methods, utility, and results of each are compared, and recommendations made for their effective use. Methods: Formative qualitative data were collected in eight focus group discussions with physicians and nurses from three hospitals in Bangladesh. Focus groups were conducted via video conference in the local language, Bangla, and audio recorded. Audio recordings were used to complete a FA of participants’ opinions about key features of novel mHealth application (app) designed to support clinical management in patients with acute diarrhea, called FluidCalc: Rehydration Calculator for Acute Diarrhea. The resulting framework analysis was shared with the app design team and used to guide iterative development of the product for a validation study of the app. Subsequently, focus group audio recordings were transcribed in Bangla then translated into English for ATA; transcripts and codes were entered into NVivo qualitative analysis software. Code summaries and thematic memos explored the clinical utility of FluidCalc including clinicians’ attitudes about using this decision support tool. Results: Each of the two methods contributes differently to the research goal and have different implications for an mHealth research timeline. Recommendations for the effective use of each method in app development include: using FA for data reduction where specific outcomes are needed to make programming and design decisions and using ATA to capture the more nuanced issues that guide use, product implementation, training, and workflow. Conclusions: By describing how both analytical methods were used in this context, this paper provides guidance and an illustration for use of these two methods, specifically in mHealth design.

Introduction: Acute diarrhea remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality with over 6.3 billion cases and 1.3 million deaths annually. Despite the existence of standardized guidelines for diarrhea management, wide variability in clinical practice exists, particularly in resource-limited settings. The goal of this study was to qualitatively explore how diarrhea management in Bangladesh varies according to resource availability, clinical setting, and provider roles. Methodology: This was a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional qualitative study conducted in three diverse hospital settings (district hospital, subdistrict hospital, and specialty diarrhea research hospital) in Bangladesh. A total of eight focus group discussions with nurses and physicians were conducted. Applied thematic analysis was used to identify themes regarding variations in diarrhea management. Results: Of the 27 focus group participants, 14 were nurses and 13 doctors; 15 worked in a private diarrhea specialty hospital and 12 worked in government district or subdistrict hospitals. Several key themes emerged from the qualitative data analysis: 1) priorities in the clinical assessment of diarrhea 2) use of guidelines versus clinical judgment; 3) variability in clinician roles and between clinical settings influences care delivery; 4) impact of resource availability on diarrhea management; and 5) perceptions of community health workers’ role in diarrhea management. Conclusions: Findings from this study may aid in informing interventions to improve and standardize diarrhea management in resource-constrained settings. Resource availability, practices regarding diarrhea assessment and treatment, provider experience, and variability in provider roles are essential considerations when developing clinical tools in low- and middle- income countries.

The availability of mobile clinical decision support (CDS) tools has grown substantially with the increased prevalence of smartphone devices and apps. Although health care providers express interest in integrating mobile health (mHealth) technologies into their clinical settings, concerns have been raised, including perceived disagreements between information provided by mobile CDS tools and standard guidelines. Despite their potential to transform health care delivery, there remains limited literature on the provider's perspective on the clinical utility of mobile CDS tools for improving patient outcomes, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study aims to describe providers' perceptions about the utility of a mobile CDS tool accessed via a smartphone app for diarrhea management in Bangladesh. In addition, feedback was collected on the preliminary components of the mobile CDS tool to address clinicians' concerns and incorporate their preferences. From November to December 2020, qualitative data were gathered through 8 web-based focus group discussions with physicians and nurses from 3 Bangladeshi hospitals. Each discussion was conducted in the local language-Bangla-and audio recorded for transcription and translation by the local research team. Transcripts and codes were entered into NVivo (version 12; QSR International), and applied thematic analysis was used to identify themes that explore the clinical utility of an mHealth app for assessing dehydration severity in patients with acute diarrhea. Summaries of concepts and themes were generated from reviews of the aggregated coded data; thematic memos were written and used for the final analysis. Of the 27 focus group participants, 14 (52%) were nurses and 13 (48%) were physicians; 15 (56%) worked at a diarrhea specialty hospital and 12 (44%) worked in government district or subdistrict hospitals. Participants' experience in their current position ranged from 2 to 14 years, with an average of 10.3 (SD 9.0) years. Key themes from the qualitative data analysis included current experience with CDS, overall perception of the app's utility and its potential role in clinical care, barriers to and facilitators of app use, considerations of overtreatment and undertreatment, and guidelines for the app's clinical recommendations. Participants felt that the tool would initially take time to use, but once learned, it could be useful during epidemic cholera. Some felt that clinical experience remains an important part of treatment that can be supplemented, but not replaced, by a CDS tool. In addition, diagnostic information, including mid-upper arm circumference and blood pressure, might not be available to directly inform programming decisions. Participants were positive about the mHealth app and its potential to inform diarrhea management. They provided detailed feedback, which developers used to revise the mobile CDS tool. These formative qualitative data provided timely and relevant feedback to improve the utility of a CDS tool for diarrhea treatment in Bangladesh.

Materials And Methods 2.1 Extraction and Purification of Silk Fibrion (SF) High-quality Silk cocoons were selected and carefully cut into cube-shaped fragments. 5 grams of the cut cocoon pieces were subjected to a degumming process. The fibers were then air-dried overnight at 37°C. The silk fibers are dissolved in a 9M lithium bromide solution maintaining temperatures between 70°C to 80°C for 1 hour The solution dialysed against distilled water with MWCO of 3500 over a for 3 days to remove salts. 2.2 Rat Model for Wound Phase Analysis The wound healing rate for the Silk fibroin (SF) were analysedusing the rat wound model. The AgNp-SF Gel treated wounds are at granulation stage and proceeding to epithelization stage or remodelling stage with very low VEGF staining (Picture 6a). [...]overall performance of the SF AgNps-Gel treated wounds on 7th day was quite appreciable with its entrance in the remodelling or epithelization stage.

This research work sets out to explore the major distinctions between Arabic and Bangla—the languages with unidentical origins. Comparing and analyzing the various features of these two languages requires huge linguistic expertise in the respective fields as it is a most complicated job for anyone to accomplish. Arabic and Bangla are two of the leading languages of the world, specially in terms of their number of speakers and the growing demands. As Arabic and Bangla are from unalike families of languages, they differ a lot in the word class, grammar, pronunciation, usage and so forth. The sentence in Arabic is divided into two types: verbal i.e. V+S+C and nominal i.e. S+C; while the typical Bangla sentence pattern is inflexion-based i.e. S+C+V. Like any other vocalized languages, Bangla has eleven vowels, but Arabic has no such vowels since Arabic alphabet is considered an ‘abjad’ (i.e. ‘أبجدية’ /aːbʤadiah/) meaning a ‘consonantal alphabet’ and so the syllable is often formed without any vowels. Moreover, Arabic writing starts from right to left, whereas Bangla is from left to right. Despite all these differences, Arabic and Bangla have some similarities as well. For instance, they do not have any differences between the upper case and the lower case. Besides, Arabic and Bangla are phonetic and rhotic languages. Nevertheless, there are a few more minor differences between Arabic and Bangla. Hence, this paper is intended to provide the learners, users, as well as teachers of the two languages with some important facts and findings which are often faced in writing, speaking and translating.

Framework Matrix Analysis (FMA) and Applied Thematic Analysis (ATA) are qualitative methods that have not been as widely used/cited compared to content analysis or grounded theory. This paper compares methods of FMA with ATA for mobile health (mHealth) research. The same qualitative data were analyzed separately, using each methodology. The methods, utility, and results of each are compared, and recommendations made for their effective use. Formative qualitative data were collected in eight focus group discussions with physicians and nurses from three hospitals in Bangladesh. Focus groups were conducted via video conference in the local language, Bangla, and audio recorded. Audio recordings were used to complete a FMA of participants' opinions about key features of a novel mHealth application (app) designed to support clinical management in patients with acute diarrhea. The resulting framework matrix was shared with the app design team and used to guide iterative development of the product for a validation study of the app. Subsequently, focus group audio recordings were transcribed in Bangla then translated into English for ATA; transcripts and codes were entered into NVivo qualitative analysis software. Code summaries and thematic memos explored the clinical utility of the mHealth app including clinicians' attitudes about using this decision support tool. Each of the two methods contributes differently to the research goal and have different implications for an mHealth research timeline. Recommendations for the effective use of each method in app development include: using FMA for data reduction where specific outcomes are needed to make programming and design decisions and using ATA to capture the more nuanced issues that guide use, product implementation, training, and workflow. By describing how both analytical methods were used in this context, this paper provides guidance and an illustration for use of these two methods, specifically in mHealth design.

Breast cancer has historically been one of the leading causes of death for women worldwide. As of 2020, breast cancer was reported to have overtaken lung cancer as the most common type of cancer globally, representing an estimated 11.3% of all cancer diagnoses. A multidisciplinary approach is taken for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer that includes conventional and targeted treatments. However, current therapeutic approaches to treating breast cancer have limitations, necessitating the search for new treatment options. Cancer cells require adequate iron for their continuous and rapid proliferation. Excess iron saturates the iron-binding capacity of transferrin, resulting in non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) that can catalyze free-radical reactions and may lead to oxidant-mediated breast carcinogenesis. Moreover, excess iron and the disruption of iron metabolism by local estrogen in the breast leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, iron concentration reduction using an iron chelator can be a novel therapeutic strategy for countering breast cancer development and progression. This review focuses on the use of iron chelators to deplete iron levels in tumor cells, specifically in the breast, thereby preventing the generation of free radicals. The inhibition of DNA synthesis and promotion of cancer cell apoptosis are the targets of breast cancer treatment, which can be achieved by restricting the iron environment in the body. We hypothesize that the usage of iron chelators has the therapeutic potential to control intracellular iron levels and inhibit the breast tumor growth. In clinical settings, iron chelators can be used to reduce cancer cell growth and thus reduce the morbidity and mortality in breast cancer patients.

Children carrying Staphylococcus aureus in their nasopharynx are at a higher risk of contracting systemic infection. Due to lack of sufficient information regarding such carriage, this study was conducted to explore the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility, and genomic profiles of S. aureus isolated from nasopharyngeal samples of 163 randomly selected asymptomatic Bangladeshi children aged from 5–<15 years. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern and genomic analysis of the samples were conducted using standard microbiological methods and genomic tools. The carriage was confirmed in 44 (27%) children who were mostly well nourished without respiratory symptoms in the last 3 months. Higher carriage was observed among the younger age group (5–<10 years) who completed vaccines for pneumonia (p = 0.002) and influenza (p = 0.004). Among the isolates, 84.1% were multidrug-resistant and 47.5% (n = 40) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). All the isolates (100%) were resistant to cefixime with higher resistance to ampicillin (95.5%) and penicillin (90.9%). Among the three investigated isolates, two were ST80 (ID-1 and ID-52) and one was a novel strain (ID-19) with the presence of aph-Stph, blaI, blaZ, dha1, fosB, lmrS, mepA, norA, and tet38 genes. The current research demonstrates a high incidence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus and reports the first instance of ST80 in asymptomatic children in Bangladesh.

The novel coronavirus has become a global risk because of its massive transmission and high rates of mutation. Efficient clinical management remains a challenge in combatting the severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by this virulent strain. This contagious disease is new to the people of Bangladesh. The country is at high risk of spreading the coronavirus infection particularly because of its high population density. Significant morbidity and mortality have been observed for the quick transmission of this virus since March 8, 2020. The basic objective of this article is to analyze the preparedness of Bangladesh, given its constraints and limitations, to cope with the rapid spread of COVID-19 infection. In doing so, it summarizes the origin of coronavirus, epidemiology, mode of transmission, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of the disease. Although many steps have been taken by the Government and the private sector of Bangladesh to create awareness about measures needed to prevent the deadly infections, many people are unaware of and reluctant to accept the prescribed rules. Inadequacy of diagnostic facilities and limitations of clinical care and health care services were major constraints faced in treating COVID-19 infected people in Bangladesh. Greater compliance by the people in following the suggested measures may help reduce the rapid spread of the disease and overcome the challenges faced by this pandemic.