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Observations of our Universe have led to a current consensus model which has a number of unexpected and, some would say bizarre characteristics. These include two epochs in time when it exhibits a ‘strange’ behaviour, namely the Big Bang moment of creation itself and the subsequent period of initial inflation. In addition the models now require two unseen and dominant constituents of the Universe to explain its dynamics, which are known as ‘dark matter’ and ‘dark energy’. Having said that, once these four features are included the model is very successful in explaining a vast range of astronomical observations, spanning virtually the whole lifetime of the Universe. This paper focusses on dark energy, starting from an historically much simpler model and then building up to the present day understanding with reference to the key observations which have driven changes in paradigm. Possible suggestions as to the nature of dark energy are considered and finally a section is included concerning how future observations may lead to a better understanding.

Muon-induced neutrons can lead to potentially irreducible backgrounds in rare event search experiments. We have investigated the implication of laboratory depth on the muon-induced background in a future dark matter experiment capable of reaching the so-called neutrino floor. Our simulation study focused on a xenon-based detector with 70 tonnes of active mass, surrounded by additional veto systems plus a water shield. Two locations at the Boulby Underground Laboratory (UK) were analysed as examples: an experimental cavern in salt at a depth of 2850 m w. e. (similar to the location of the existing laboratory), and a deeper laboratory located in polyhalite rock at a depth of 3575 m w. e. Our results show that no cosmogenic background events are likely to survive standard analysis cuts for 10 years of operation at either location. The largest background component we identified comes from beta-delayed neutron emission from 17 N which is produced from 19 F in the fluoropolymer components of the experiment. Our results confirm that a dark matter search with sensitivity to the neutrino floor is viable (from the point of view of cosmogenic backgrounds) in underground laboratories at these levels of rock overburden. This work was conducted in 2019–21 in the context of a feasibility study to investigate the possibility of developing the Boulby Underground Laboratory to host a next-generation dark matter experiment; however, our findings are also relevant for other underground laboratories.

We present the scientific motivation for future space tests of the equivalence principle, and in particular the universality of free fall, at the 10− 17 level or better. Two possible mission scenarios, one based on quantum technologies, the other on electrostatic accelerometers, that could reach that goal are briefly discussed. This publication is a White Paper written in the context of the Voyage 2050 ESA Call for White Papers.

STEP is one of a number of missions now being developed to take advantage of the quiet space environment to carry out very sensitive gravitational experiments. Using pairs of concentric free-falling proof-masses, STEP will be able to test the Equivalence Principle (EP) to a sensitivity at least five orders of magnitude better than currently achievable on ground. The EP is a founding principle of general relativity and STEP is the most sensitive experiment of this type planned so far, aiming at 1 part in 10 18 . Recently the GAUGE mission was proposed to the European Space Agency and this contained a variant of the STEP experiment as its central payload element with a number of others probing various aspects of the quantum gravity interface. Both STEP and GAUGE payload concepts will be presented, together with their performance parameters.

The experimental search for cold dark matter particles has seen signifcant progress over the last few years. A number of new results have been announced which are now feeding back interesting constraints on particular types of particle and their interaction strengths, even though no convincing positive detection has yet been made. The range of promising techniques (and named experiments) continues to grow to the point where it is no longer feasible to overview the whole feld in a digestible way within a single talk; hence this report will focus on some of the key experimental highlights from the last two years. Before doing that a reminder of the motivation and general requirements for such direct search will be given. As a conclusion the short-term prospects for more exciting results over the next two years will be outlined. both.

There is now an enormously rich variety of experimental techniques being brought to bear on experimental searches for dark matter, covering a wide range of suggested forms for it. The existence of \"dark matter\", in some form or other, is inferred from a number of relatively simple observations and the problem has been known for over half a century. To explain \"dark matter\" is one of the foremost challenges today - the answer will be of fundamental importance to cosmologists, astrophysicists, particle physicists, and general relativists. In this article, I will give a brief review of the observational evidence (concentrating on areas of current significant activity), followed by anequally brief summary of candidate solutions for the 'dark matter'. I will then discuss experimental searches, both direct and indirect. Finally, I will offer prospects for the future.

We propose in this White Paper a concept for a space experiment using cold atoms to search for ultra-light dark matter, and to detect gravitational waves in the frequency range between the most sensitive ranges of LISA and the terrestrial LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA/INDIGO experiments. This interdisciplinary experiment, called Atomic Experiment for Dark Matter and Gravity Exploration (AEDGE), will also complement other planned searches for dark matter, and exploit synergies with other gravitational wave detectors. We give examples of the extended range of sensitivity to ultra-light dark matter offered by AEDGE, and how its gravitational-wave measurements could explore the assembly of super-massive black holes, first-order phase transitions in the early universe and cosmic strings. AEDGE will be based upon technologies now being developed for terrestrial experiments using cold atoms, and will benefit from the space experience obtained with, e.g., LISA and cold atom experiments in microgravity.KCL-PH-TH/2019-65, CERN-TH-2019-126

Purpose The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate whether several potentially preventive therapies reduced the rate of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) in colorectal cancer patients and to assess the relationship of sociodemographic/clinical factors with OIPN diagnosis. Methods Data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database combined with Medicare claims. Eligible patients were diagnosed with colorectal cancer between 2007 and 2015, ≥ 66 years of age, and treated with oxaliplatin. Two definitions were used to denote diagnosis of OIPN based on diagnosis codes: OIPN 1 (specific definition, drug-induced polyneuropathy) and OIPN 2 (broader definition, additional codes for peripheral neuropathy). Cox regression was used to obtain hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the relative rate of OIPN within 2 years of oxaliplatin initiation. Results There were 4792 subjects available for analysis. At 2 years, the unadjusted cumulative incidence of OIPN 1 was 13.1% and 27.1% for OIPN 2. For both outcomes, no therapies reduced the rate of OIPN diagnosis. The anticonvulsants gabapentin and oxcarbazepine/carbamazepine were associated with an increased rate of OIPN (both definitions) as were increasing cycles of oxaliplatin. Compared to younger patients, those 75–84 years of age experienced a 15% decreased rate of OIPN. For OIPN 2, prior peripheral neuropathy and moderate/severe liver disease were also associated with an increased hazard rate. For OIPN 1, state buy-in health insurance coverage was associated with a decreased hazard rate. Conclusion Additional studies are needed to identify preventive therapeutics for OIPN in cancer patients treated with oxaliplatin.

We speculate on the development and availability of new innovative propulsion techniques in the 2040s, that will allow us to fly a spacecraft outside the Solar System (at 150 AU and more) in a reasonable amount of time, in order to directly probe our (gravitational) Solar System neighborhood and answer pressing questions regarding the dark sector (dark energy and dark matter). We identify two closely related main science goals, as well as secondary objectives that could be fulfilled by a mission dedicated to probing the local dark sector: (i) begin the exploration of gravitation’s low-acceleration regime with a spacecraft and (ii) improve our knowledge of the local dark matter and baryon densities. Those questions can be answered by directly measuring the gravitational potential with an atomic clock on-board a spacecraft on an outbound Solar System orbit, and by comparing the spacecraft’s trajectory with that predicted by General Relativity through the combination of ranging data and the in-situ measurement (and correction) of non-gravitational accelerations with an on-board accelerometer. Despite a wealth of new experiments getting online in the near future, that will bring new knowledge about the dark sector, it is very unlikely that those science questions will be closed in the next two decades. More importantly, it is likely that it will be even more urgent than currently to answer them. Tracking a spacecraft carrying a clock and an accelerometer as it leaves the Solar System may well be the easiest and fastest way to directly probe our dark environment.