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"Sun, Chang"
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لقاء في القرية العالمية = An encounter in the global village : قصص مختارة من المؤتمر الدولي الرابع عشر للقصة القصيرة
هذا الكتاب يحتوي على قصص مختارة من المؤتمر الدولي الرابع عشر للقصة القصيرة وهذا اللقاء الذي نظم من قبل جمعية دراسة القصص القصيرة الإنجليزية (أس أس أس أس إي) وهي جمعية عالمية أنشئت في الولايات المتحدة عام 1992 وينعقد كل عامين ويعتبر اللقاء العالمي الوحيد الذي يركز بشكل خاص على دراسات القصة القصيرة أما القصص المشاركة في اللقاء فهي مكتوبة من قبل 29 كاتبا ينتمون إلى عشرة دول هي الصين وتايوان والهند والولايات المتحدة وكندا ونيوزلندا وفرنسا وإيرلندا والنمسا وسنغافورا وجامايكا.
BOOK
Improvements for pedestrian safety application P-Minder
P-Minder is a lightweight sidewalk segmentation and obstacle detection-based approach designed for phubbers’ safety, which can help phubbers to avoid obstacles and other dangers during phubbing walking. But two issues have been found in previous experiments: P-Minder undifferentiated scores the recognition results and costs high resource occupation during background operation. Therefore, this paper proposes the sector correlation model to classify the recognition and segmentation results for an accurate judgment. Then, the new application architecture design and walking detection model decrease the resource occupation. Besides, the datasets are expanded, and the models are retrained to adapt to the improved architecture. In the same datasets, P-Minder achieves a 1.7 percentage point accuracy improvement during the experiment. The experimental result proves that the segmentation model can reach 81.2% mean intersection over union. Besides, the method finally achieves 75.52% detection accuracy in the experiment with a low computing resources cost.
Journal Article
Probing the active site in single-atom oxygen reduction catalysts via operando X-ray and electrochemical spectroscopy
Nonnoble metal catalysts are low-cost alternatives to Pt for the oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs), which have been studied for various applications in electrocatalytic systems. Among them, transition metal complexes, characterized by a redox-active single-metal-atom with biomimetic ligands, such as pyrolyzed cobalt–nitrogen–carbon (Co–N
x
/C), have attracted considerable attention. Therefore, we reported the ORR mechanism of pyrolyzed Vitamin B12 using operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy coupled with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which enables operando monitoring of the oxygen binding site on the metal center. Our results revealed the preferential adsorption of oxygen at the Co
2+
center, with end-on coordination forming a Co
2+
-oxo species. Furthermore, the charge transfer mechanism between the catalyst and reactant enables further Co–O species formation. These experimental findings, corroborated with first-principle calculations, provide insight into metal active-site geometry and structural evolution during ORR, which could be used for developing material design strategies for high-performance electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications.
Understanding active-site geometry and structural evolution during electrocatalysis is important for further development. Here the authors use operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy combined with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to investigate single atom catalysts derived from Vitamin B12.
Journal Article
Changes of vaginal microbiota during cervical carcinogenesis in women with human papillomavirus infection
To evaluate the changes of vaginal microbiota during cervical carcinogenesis in women with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Vaginal microbiota was analyzed using next-generation sequencing in women with normal, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), or cervical cancer. A marked decrease of Lactobacillus crispatus was found in the CIN/cancer groups compared with that in the normal group. The diversity of microorganisms increased in patients with CIN or cervical cancer with HPV infection. Atopobium vaginae (OR 4.33, 95% CI 1.15-16.32), Dialister invisus (OR 4.89, 95% CI 1.20-19.94), Finegoldia magna (OR 6.00, 95% CI 1.08-33.27), Gardnerella vaginalis (OR 7.43, 95% CI 1.78-31.04), Prevotella buccalis (OR 11.00, 95% CI 2.00-60.57), and Prevotella timonensis (OR 6.00, 95% CI 1.46-24.69) were significantly associated with the risk of CIN 2/3 or cervical cancer. Women with the CIN and cervical cancer showed a high diversity in vaginal microbiota. Depletion of Lactobacillus crispatus and increased abundance of anaerobic bacteria were detected in women with cervical disease.
Journal Article
The hidden structure of human enamel
Enamel is the hardest and most resilient tissue in the human body. Enamel includes morphologically aligned, parallel, ∼50 nm wide, microns-long nanocrystals, bundled either into 5-μm-wide rods or their space-filling interrod. The orientation of enamel crystals, however, is poorly understood. Here we show that the crystalline
c
-axes are homogenously oriented in interrod crystals across most of the enamel layer thickness. Within each rod crystals are not co-oriented with one another or with the long axis of the rod, as previously assumed: the
c
-axes of adjacent nanocrystals are most frequently mis-oriented by 1°–30°, and this orientation within each rod gradually changes, with an overall angle spread that is never zero, but varies between 30°–90° within one rod. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the observed mis-orientations of adjacent crystals induce crack deflection. This toughening mechanism contributes to the unique resilience of enamel, which lasts a lifetime under extreme physical and chemical challenges.
Enamel is the hardest tissue in the body and has been widely studied, yet aspects of its structure remain unclear. Here, the authors report on a study of the orientation and alignment of enamel crystals and challenge previous assumptions.
Journal Article
Digital Innovation of Red Cultural Resource Management Mode in Shanxi
In this paper, we explore the mechanism of managing red cultural resources enabled by digital technology. We developed a digital communication model for red culture and proposed an innovative pathway for the management of digitally-enabled red cultural resources. Then, a regression analysis model was established to assess the effects of digital management of cultural resources through model estimation and significance testing. Based on the one-way ANOVA model, we explored the differences in the evaluation of digital management of red culture in Shanxi by different students’ genders. We tested and regressed the correlation between digital red resource management and students’ sense of political efficacy and political emotion. The results show that the correlation coefficients between digital red education and intrinsic political efficacy and extrinsic political efficacy are between (0.5 and 0.6). The correlation coefficients of digitalized red resource management with students’ sense of intrinsic political efficacy and extrinsic political efficacy r are all greater than 0, p=0.000. They are significantly positively correlated under the condition of α=0.01. This study effectively promotes the high-quality development of digital transformation in red culture and builds a new pattern of digital inheritance and innovation in red culture.
Journal Article
Saliva protein biomarkers to detect oral squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk population in Taiwan
Most cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) develop from visible oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). The latter exhibit heterogeneous subtypes with different transformation potentials, complicating the early detection of OSCC during routine visual oral cancer screenings. To develop clinically applicable biomarkers, we collected saliva samples from 96 healthy controls, 103 low-risk OPMDs, 130 high-risk OPMDs, and 131 OSCC subjects. These individuals were enrolled in Taiwan’s Oral Cancer Screening Program. We identified 302 protein biomarkers reported in the literature and/or through in-house studies and prioritized 49 proteins for quantification in the saliva samples using multiple reaction monitoring-MS. Twenty-eight proteins were successfully quantified with high confidence. The quantification data from non-OSCC subjects (healthy controls + low-risk OPMDs) and OSCC subjects in the training set were subjected to classification and regression tree analyses, through which we generated a four-protein panel consisting of MMP1, KNG1, ANXA2, and HSPA5. A risk-score scheme was established, and the panel showed high sensitivity (87.5%) and specificity (80.5%) in the test set to distinguish OSCC samples from non-OSCC samples. The risk score >0.4 detected 84% (42/50) of the stage I OSCCs and a significant portion (42%) of the high-risk OPMDs. Moreover, among 88 high-risk OPMD patients with available follow-up results, 18 developed OSCC within 5 y; of them, 77.8% (14/18) had risk scores >0.4. Our four-protein panel may therefore offer a clinically effective tool for detecting OSCC and monitoring high-risk OPMDs through a readily available biofluid.
Journal Article
High-density immobilization of a ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase for enhanced food-grade production of minor ginsenosides
Use of recombinant glycosidases is a promising approach for the production of minor ginsenosides, e.g., Compound K (CK) and F
1
, which have potential applications in the food industry. However, application of these recombinant enzymes for food-grade preparation of minor ginsenosides are limited by the lack of suitable expression hosts and low productivity. In this study,
Corynebacterium glutamicum
ATCC13032
,
a GRAS strain that has been used extensively for the industrial-grade production of additives for foodstuffs, was employed to express a novel β-glucosidase (MT619) from
Microbacterium testaceum
ATCC 15829 with high ginsenoside-transforming activity. A cellulose-binding module was additionally fused to the N-terminus of MT619 for immobilization on cellulose, which is an abundant and safe material. Via one-step immobilization, the fusion protein in cell lysates was efficiently immobilized on regenerated amorphous cellulose at a high density (maximum 984 mg/g cellulose), increasing the enzyme concentration by 286-fold. The concentrated and immobilized enzyme showed strong conversion activities against protopanaxadiol- and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides for the production of CK and F
1
. Using gram-scale ginseng extracts as substrates, the immobilized enzyme produced 7.59 g/L CK and 9.42 g/L F
1
in 24 h. To the best of our knowledge, these are the highest reported product concentrations of CK and F
1
, and this is the first time that a recombinant enzyme has been immobilized on cellulose for the preparation of minor ginsenosides. This safe, convenient, and efficient production method could also be effectively exploited in the preparation of food-processing recombinant enzymes in the pharmaceutical, functional food, and cosmetics industries.
Journal Article
The immune role of the intestinal microbiome in knee osteoarthritis: a review of the possible mechanisms and therapies
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage damage and synovial inflammation and carries an enormous public health and economic burden. It is crucial to uncover the potential mechanisms of OA pathogenesis to develop new targets for OA treatment. In recent years, the pathogenic role of the gut microbiota in OA has been well recognized. Gut microbiota dysbiosis can break host-gut microbe equilibrium, trigger host immune responses and activate the “gut-joint axis”, which aggravates OA. However, although the role of the gut microbiota in OA is well known, the mechanisms modulating the interactions between the gut microbiota and host immunity remain unclear. This review summarizes research on the gut microbiota and the involved immune cells in OA and interprets the potential mechanisms for the interactions between the gut microbiota and host immune responses from four aspects: gut barrier, innate immunity, adaptive immunity and gut microbiota modulation. Future research should focus on the specific pathogen or the specific changes in the gut microbiota composition to identify the related signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of OA. In addition, future studies should include more novel interventions on immune cell modifications and gene regulation of specific gut microbiota related to OA to validate the application of gut microbiota modulation in the onset of OA.
Journal Article
Adaptive laboratory evolution of a genome-reduced Escherichia coli
Synthetic biology aims to design and construct bacterial genomes harboring the minimum number of genes required for self-replicable life. However, the genome-reduced bacteria often show impaired growth under laboratory conditions that cannot be understood based on the removed genes. The unexpected phenotypes highlight our limited understanding of bacterial genomes. Here, we deploy adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) to re-optimize growth performance of a genome-reduced strain. The basis for suboptimal growth is the imbalanced metabolism that is rewired during ALE. The metabolic rewiring is globally orchestrated by mutations in
rpoD
altering promoter binding of RNA polymerase. Lastly, the evolved strain has no translational buffering capacity, enabling effective translation of abundant mRNAs. Multi-omic analysis of the evolved strain reveals transcriptome- and translatome-wide remodeling that orchestrate metabolism and growth. These results reveal that failure of prediction may not be associated with understanding individual genes, but rather from insufficient understanding of the strain’s systems biology.
Genome-reduced bacteria often show impaired growth under laboratory conditions. Here the authors use adaptive laboratory evolution to optimise growth performance and show transcriptome and translatome-wide remodeling of the organism.
Journal Article