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"Sun, Feng"
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Why communist China isn't collapsing : the CCP's battle for survival and state-society dynamics in the post-reform era
This book is a comprehensive synthesis of how the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has fought on various fronts for survival since the reform refuting the China Collapse thesis by scrutinizing current realities, the proactive strategies adopted by the CCP and the critical role of traditional political culture, and the international environment in shaping state-society dynamics in China. More importantly, the book conducts a deep analysis of the reasons that this authoritarian regime could act responsively and progressively. The CCP possesses strong vigilance and adaptability assets which have helped it survive various crises over the past decades. This book scrutinizes the Chinese cultural environment as well as the political perception and economic interests of major social actors presumed to be forces with potential power to topple the regime. Both the state-dependency resulting from a late developer context and the elements of collectivism and \"rule by virtue\" in traditional Chinese culture play critical roles in shaping public attitudes toward the CCP regime.
Book
Cellulose-Based Electrochemical Sensors
Among the most promising areas of research, cellulose-based electrochemical sensors stand out for their intrinsic properties such as abundance, biocompatibility, and versatility. This review is concerned with the integration and application of cellulose-derived materials in electrochemical sensors, pointing out improvements in sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and functionality for a wide variety of applications. The most relevant developments on cellulose-based sensors have been concentrated on nanocellulose composite synthesis, advanced cellulose modification, and the successful embedding in wearable technologies, medical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. Considering these, it is worth mentioning that significant challenges still need to be overcome regarding the scalability of production, selectivity improvement, and long-term stability under real operational conditions. Future research efforts will concern the union of cellulose-based sensors with the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) toward wiser and more sustainable health and environmental solutions. Correspondingly, this work puts cellulose in the front line among the most perspective materials for enabling the development of eco-friendly and high-performance sensing technologies.
Journal Article
Jet in supersonic crossflow
Based on research into jets in supersonic crossflow carried out by the authors' team over the past 15 years, this book summarizes and presents many cutting-edge findings and analyses on this subject. It tackles the complicated mixing process of gas jets and atomization process of liquid jets in supersonic crossflow, and studies their physical mechanisms. Advanced experimental and numerical techniques are applied to further readers' understanding of atomization, mixing, and combustion of fuel jets in supersonic crossflow, which can promote superior fuel injection design in scramjet engines. The book offers a valuable reference guide for all researchers and engineers working on the design of scramjet engines, and will also benefit graduate students majoring in aeronautical and aerospace engineering.
Book
Clinical effects and gut microbiota changes of using probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Purpose
Probiotics have been reported to be beneficial for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the types, number of strains, dosage, and intervention time of probiotics used remain controversial. Furthermore, the changes of gut microbiota in IBD’s patients are also intriguing. Thus, this meta-analysis was to explore the clinical effects and gut microbiota changes of using probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in IBD.
Methods
The search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane library from inception to April 2020. Qualified randomized controlled trials were included. IBD’s remission rate, disease activity index and recurrence rate were extracted and analyzed. Changes in the gut microbiota of patients with IBD are comprehensively described.
Results
Thirty-eight articles were included. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics can induce/maintain IBD’s remission and reduce ulcerative colitis (UC) disease activity index (RR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.02, 1.26,
P
< 0.05; SMD = 1.00, 95% CI 0.27, 1.73,
P
< 0.05). In subgroup analyses of IBD remission rate and UC disease activity index, we obtained some statistically significant results in some subgroup (
P
< 0.05). To some extent, probiotic supplements can increase the number of beneficial bacteria (especially
Bifidobacteria
) in the intestinal tract of patients with IBD.
Conclusions
Our results support the treatment of IBD (especially UC) with pro/pre/synbiotics, and synbiotics are more effective. Probiotic supplements that are based on
Lactobacillus
and
Bifidobacterium
or more than one strain are more likely to be beneficial for IBD remission. The dose of 10
10
–10
12
CFU/day may be a reference range for using probiotics to relieve IBD.
Journal Article
Spatiotemporal dynamics of early oogenesis in pigs
Background
In humans and other mammals, the process of oogenesis initiates asynchronously in specific ovarian regions, leading to the localization of dormant and growing follicles in the cortex and medulla, respectively; however, the current understanding of this process remains insufficient.
Results
Here, we integrate single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics (ST) to comprehend spatial–temporal gene expression profiles and explore the spatial organization of ovarian microenvironments during early oogenesis in pigs. Projection of the germ cell clusters at different stages of oogenesis into the spatial atlas unveils a “cortical to medullary (C-M)” distribution of germ cells in the developing porcine ovaries. Cross-species analysis between pigs and humans unveils a conserved C-M distribution pattern of germ cells during oogenesis, highlighting the utility of pigs as valuable models for studying human oogenesis in a spatial context. RNA velocity analysis with ST identifies the molecular characteristics and spatial dynamics of granulosa cell lineages originating from the cortical and medullary regions in pig ovaries. Spatial co-occurrence analysis and intercellular communication analysis unveils a distinct cell–cell communication pattern between germ cells and somatic cells in the cortex and medulla regions. Notably, in vitro culture of ovarian tissues verifies that intercellular NOTCH signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins played crucial roles in initiating meiotic and oogenic programs, highlighting an underappreciated role of ovarian microenvironments in orchestrating germ cell fates.
Conclusions
Overall, our work provides insight into the spatial characteristics of early oogenesis and the regulatory role of ovarian microenvironments in germ cell fate within a spatial context.
Journal Article
Recent Developments in Aptamer-Based Sensors for Diagnostics
Chronic and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for a large proportion of global disorders and mortality, posing significant burdens on healthcare systems. Early diagnosis and timely interference are critical for effective management and disease prevention. However, the traditional methods of diagnosis still suffer from high costs, time delays in processing, and infrastructure requirements that are usually unaffordable in resource-constrained settings. Aptamer-based biosensors have emerged as promising alternatives to offer enhanced specificity, stability, and cost-effectiveness for disease biomarker detection. The SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) methodology allows developing aptamers with high-affinity binding capabilities to a variety of targets, for instance proteins, cells, or even small molecules, hence rendering them suitable for NCD diagnosis. Aptasensors—recent developments in the electrochemical and optical dominion—offer much enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and stability of detection across a diverse range of diseases from lung cancer and leukemia to diabetes and chronic respiratory disorders. This study provides a comprehensive review of progress in aptamer-based sensors, focusing on their role in point-of-care diagnostics and adaptability in a real-world environment with future directions in overcoming current limitations.
Journal Article
Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Background
It was urgent and necessary to synthesize the evidence for vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness profile of COVID-19 vaccines against VOC.
Methods
Published randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and case-control studies that evaluated the VE against VOC (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, or Omicron) were searched until 4 March 2022. Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis. VE was defined as (1-estimate).
Results
Eleven RCTs (161,388 participants), 20 cohort studies (52,782,321 participants), and 26 case-control studies (2,584,732 cases) were included. Eleven COVID-19 vaccines (mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, ChAdOx1, Ad26.COV2.S, NVX-CoV2373, BBV152, CoronaVac, BBIBP-CorV, SCB-2019, CVnCoV, and HB02) were included in this analysis. Full vaccination was effective against Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants, with VE of 88.0% (95% CI, 83.0–91.5), 73.0% (95% CI, 64.3–79.5), 63.0% (95% CI, 47.9–73.7), 77.8% (95% CI, 72.7–82.0), and 55.9% (95% CI, 40.9–67.0), respectively. Booster vaccination was more effective against Delta and Omicron variants, with VE of 95.5% (95% CI, 94.2–96.5) and 80.8% (95% CI, 58.6–91.1), respectively. mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273/BNT162b2) seemed to have higher VE against VOC over others; significant interactions (
p
interaction
< 0.10) were observed between VE and vaccine type (mRNA vaccines vs. not mRNA vaccines).
Conclusions
Full vaccination of COVID-19 vaccines is highly effective against Alpha variant, and moderate effective against Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants. Booster vaccination is more effective against Delta and Omicron variants. mRNA vaccines seem to have higher VE against Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants over others.
Journal Article
Diversity of culture-independent bacteria and antimicrobial activity of culturable endophytic bacteria isolated from different Dendrobium stems
Dendrobium
is known for its pharmacological actions including anti-cancer effect, anti-fatigue effect, gastric ulcer protective effect, and so on. At present, only studies on endophytic fungi of
Dendrobium
affecting the metabolites of host plants have been reported, very little research has been done on endophytic bacteria. In this study, we have demonstrated the great diversity of endophytic bacteria in 6
Dendrobium
samples from different origins and cultivars. According to the results of the culture-independent method, the endophytic bacterial community in
Dendrobium
stems showed obvious different in the 6 samples and was influenced by origin and cultivar. Some bacteria including
Ralstonia
,
Comamonas
and
Lelliottia
were first detected in
Dendrobium
in this study. Based on the culture-dependent method, a total of 165 cultivable endophytic bacteria isolates were isolated from the sterilized
Dendrobium
stems, and were classified into 43 species according to the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Moreover, 14 of the 43 strains showed antimicrobial activity against phytopathogen using the Kirby-Bauer method. Strain NA-HTong-7 (
Bacillus megaterium
, 99.12%) showed the highest antimicrobial activity. This study was the first comprehensive study on endophytic bacteria of
Dendrobium
from different origins and cultivars, which provides new insights into the endophytic bacteria from
Dendrobium
.
Journal Article
Higher bottomonium zoo
In this work, we study higher bottomonia up to the \\[nL=8S\\], 6P, 5D, 4F, 3G multiplets using the modified Godfrey–Isgur (GI) model, which takes account of color screening effects. The calculated mass spectra of bottomonium states are in reasonable agreement with the present experimental data. Based on spectroscopy, partial widths of all allowed radiative transitions, annihilation decays, hadronic transitions, and open-bottom strong decays of each state are also evaluated by applying our numerical wave functions. Comparing our results with the former results, we point out difference among various models and derive new conclusions obtained in this paper. Notably, we find a significant difference between our model and the GI model when we study D, F, and G and \\[n 4\\] states. Our theoretical results are valuable to search for more bottomonia in experiments, such as LHCb, and forthcoming Belle II.
Journal Article
Spin-dependent electron transport in protein-like single-helical molecules
We report on a theoretical study of spin-dependent electron transport through single-helical molecules connected by two nonmagnetic electrodes, and explain the experiment of significant spin-selective phenomenon observed in α-helical protein and the contradictory results between the protein and single-stranded DNA. Our results reveal that the α-helical protein is an efficient spin filter and the spin polarization is robust against the disorder. These results are in excellent agreement with recent experiments [Mishra D, et al. (2013) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110(37):14872–14876; Göhler B, et al. (2011) Science 331(6019):894–897] and may facilitate engineering of chiral-based spintronic devices.
Journal Article