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Tobacco smoking is a major global health threat. Pharmacological aids, including nicotine-replacement therapy (NRT), varenicline, and bupropion, improve quit rates but are associated with gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) that can compromise adherence. The real-world reporting profiles of these GI AEs, particularly the differences between sexes, have not been comprehensively characterized. We analyzed the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database from 2004 Q1 to 2024 Q2. After deduplication, reports designating NRT, varenicline, or bupropion as the primary suspect drug were extracted. Disproportionality analyses, including the Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR) and Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), were conducted to quantify drug-event associations. The Breslow-Day test was used to assess the homogeneity of RORs between male and female strata. Varenicline was associated with the highest proportion of GI reports (36.0% of its total reports). The disproportionality signal was significantly stronger in women than in men (ROR 6.41 vs. 5.10 for nausea, p < 0.001). NRT was linked to 24.3% of GI reports, with hiccups (PRR = 60.1) being the most prominent signal. In contrast to varenicline, several key GI AE signals for NRT were significantly stronger in men (e.g., nausea, ROR 3.09 in men vs. 2.45 in women, p < 0.001). Bupropion had the lowest proportion of GI reports (2.1%) but still generated significant disproportionality signals (overall ROR 4.50), particularly for anorexia (PRR = 4.80) and dry mouth (PRR = 4.42), with most signals being stronger in women. NRT, varenicline, and bupropion exhibit distinct and statistically significant sex-specific GI AE reporting profiles in a real-world setting. These hypothesis-generating findings underscore the importance of considering sex as a variable in pharmacovigilance studies and may inform future research aimed at personalizing smoking cessation therapy.

With growing demands for improved blast resistance in concrete protective structures, developing new concrete materials that combine high toughness, impact resistance, and efficient energy dissipation is essential. This study replaces conventional aggregates with titanium slag and prepares three specimen groups: pure cement mortar (control), cement mortar with large titanium slag particles, and an optimized mix with titanium slag aggregates. Using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) tests and AUTODYN finite difference simulations, stress-wave absorption and attenuation performance were systematically investigated. Results show that, under identical impact loading rates, the large-particle titanium slag group increased energy absorption by 23.5% compared with the control, while the optimized mix improved by 19.2%. Both groups maintained stable absorption efficiencies across different loading rates. Numerical simulations reveal that the porous titanium slag model attenuated stress waves by approximately 67.9% after passing through three slag layers, significantly higher than the 51.4% attenuation in the non-porous model. This improvement is attributed to multiple wave reflections and interferences caused by a two-order-magnitude difference in the elastic modulus between the slag and air interfaces, creating ring-shaped stress concentrations that disrupt wave propagation and dissipate impact energy. This research provides experimental support and mechanistic insights for titanium slag application in novel blast-resistant concrete.

Background Limited evidence exists regarding the gender‐specific impact of changes in loneliness, social isolation, and social support on incident dementia. This study aims to evaluate these changes and their associations with risk of dementia, separately for men and women. Method We analysed data from over 12,000 community‐dwelling Australians aged 70+ years without significant cognitive impairment at enrolment, with a median follow‐up of over 8 years. Loneliness, social isolation, and social support were self‐reported at baseline and follow‐up (∼2 to 3 years later) and categorised as never, transient (present at baseline but not at follow‐up), incident (absent at baseline but present at follow‐up), or persistent (present at both). Dementia diagnosis followed DSM‐IV criteria, adjudicated by an expert panel. Gender‐disaggregated Cox proportional hazards regressions were conducted, adjusting for age and other known dementia risk factors. Result At baseline, participants had a mean age of 75.2 years (± 4.3), with 54% being women. Overall, 81.1% of men and 71.7% of women reported never feeling lonely at baseline. Transient, incident, and persistent loneliness were experienced by 4.9%, 8.4%, and 5.5% of men, and 8.5%, 11.6%, and 8.3% of women, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, incident loneliness in men (HR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.08‐2.13) and persistent loneliness in women (HR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.55‐2.97) were associated with a greater dementia risk, compared to those who were never lonely (Figure 1). Conclusion In later life, persistent loneliness among women and incident loneliness among men was associated with an increased risk of dementia. In this initially healthy cohort, very few participants reported social isolation and low social support at baseline and follow‐up, and neither was associated with dementia risk. Early identification of poor social connections, particularly loneliness, and timely intervention to prevent its progression into a chronic state may help maintain cognitive health and delay cognitive decline and dementia onset.

Limited evidence exists regarding the gender-specific impact of changes in loneliness, social isolation, and social support on incident dementia. This study aims to evaluate these changes and their associations with risk of dementia, separately for men and women. We analysed data from over 12,000 community-dwelling Australians aged 70+ years without significant cognitive impairment at enrolment, with a median follow-up of over 8 years. Loneliness, social isolation, and social support were self-reported at baseline and follow-up (∼2 to 3 years later) and categorised as never, transient (present at baseline but not at follow-up), incident (absent at baseline but present at follow-up), or persistent (present at both). Dementia diagnosis followed DSM-IV criteria, adjudicated by an expert panel. Gender-disaggregated Cox proportional hazards regressions were conducted, adjusting for age and other known dementia risk factors. At baseline, participants had a mean age of 75.2 years (± 4.3), with 54% being women. Overall, 81.1% of men and 71.7% of women reported never feeling lonely at baseline. Transient, incident, and persistent loneliness were experienced by 4.9%, 8.4%, and 5.5% of men, and 8.5%, 11.6%, and 8.3% of women, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, incident loneliness in men (HR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.08-2.13) and persistent loneliness in women (HR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.55-2.97) were associated with a greater dementia risk, compared to those who were never lonely (Figure 1). In later life, persistent loneliness among women and incident loneliness among men was associated with an increased risk of dementia. In this initially healthy cohort, very few participants reported social isolation and low social support at baseline and follow-up, and neither was associated with dementia risk. Early identification of poor social connections, particularly loneliness, and timely intervention to prevent its progression into a chronic state may help maintain cognitive health and delay cognitive decline and dementia onset.

PurposeMany cities implement freight traffic restriction policy (FTRP) intending to reduce traffic congestion and air pollution. At the same time, city distribution had some negative effects. The purpose of this paper is therefore to study the freight group behavior under FTRP, and to provide some recommendations for the government.Design/methodology/approachThis paper establishes a city distribution system model built by a simulation method of Agent, which includes the complex adaptability of freight individual, event of restriction policy, the influence factor of freight group behavior and its changes from the perspective of restriction policy. The rules of microscopic freight group behavior to macroscopic freight group behavior, the effects on freight group behavior exerted by restriction policy and the dynamic mechanism of freight group behavior are all studied. The model is also simulated with the traffic data of Beijing in China.FindingsTheoretical results ensure that restriction of the passport is not the sole reason that may produce illegal trucks, and other measures need to be taken to solve the traffic problems. And in the long run, increasing fines has a greater effect than strengthening supervision frequency on illegal trucks reduction.Originality/valueFrom city distribution perspective, this paper studied freight group behavior under FTRP. This paper also applied the Agent modeling method to build a model of urban distribution system in the FTRP.

Purpose Many cities implement freight traffic restriction policy (FTRP) intending to reduce traffic congestion and air pollution. At the same time, city distribution had some negative effects. The purpose of this paper is therefore to study the freight group behavior under FTRP, and to provide some recommendations for the government. Design/methodology/approach This paper establishes a city distribution system model built by a simulation method of Agent, which includes the complex adaptability of freight individual, event of restriction policy, the influence factor of freight group behavior and its changes from the perspective of restriction policy. The rules of microscopic freight group behavior to macroscopic freight group behavior, the effects on freight group behavior exerted by restriction policy and the dynamic mechanism of freight group behavior are all studied. The model is also simulated with the traffic data of Beijing in China. Findings Theoretical results ensure that restriction of the passport is not the sole reason that may produce illegal trucks, and other measures need to be taken to solve the traffic problems. And in the long run, increasing fines has a greater effect than strengthening supervision frequency on illegal trucks reduction. Originality/value From city distribution perspective, this paper studied freight group behavior under FTRP. This paper also applied the Agent modeling method to build a model of urban distribution system in the FTRP.

The synergy between deep learning models and traditional automation tools, such as built-in tactics of the proof assistant and off-the-shelf automated theorem provers, plays a crucial role in developing robust and efficient neural theorem provers(NTPs). However, for proof synthesis with LLMs, previous work applies automation tools either only when explicitly invoked by the model or at a single granularity level, failing to fully exploit their power. To solve this issue, we propose ProofAug, a procedure that equips LLMs with automation methods at various granularities through fine-grained structure analysis of model-generated proof proposals. ProofAug also serves as a versatile plug-and-play module that seamlessly integrates with any tree-search algorithm, enabling our construction of an efficient recursive proving (ERP) module to further enhance performance. The superiority of our method is validated on the miniF2F benchmark using the open-source deepseek-math-7b-base model and the Isabelle proof assistant. Notably, by additionally employing a mixed prompting strategy, we achieve a cumulative pass rate of 66.0% after curation of the dataset (61.9% for the original version) with 2100 queries to the model per problem (In contrast, the previous SOTA in Isabelle, Subgoal-XL, only achieves 56.1% using 16384 queries per problem). We also implement a Lean 4 version of ProofAug that can improve the pass@1 performance of Kimina-Prover-Preview-Distill-1.5B from 44.3% to 50.4% on miniF2F-test. Our code is available at https://github.com/haoxiongliu/ProofAug.

Distinguishing and controlling the extent of Mottness is important for materials where the energy scales of the onsite Coulomb repulsion U and the bandwidth W are comparable. Here we report the ultrafast electronic dynamics of 1T-TaS\\(_2\\) by ultrafast time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. A comparison of the electron dynamics for the newly-discovered intermediate phase (I-phase) as well as the low-temperature commensurate charge density wave (C-CDW) phase shows distinctive dynamics. While the I-phase is characterized by an instantaneous response and nearly time-resolution-limited fast relaxation (~200 fs), the C-CDW phase shows a delayed response and a slower relaxation (a few ps). Such distinctive dynamics refect the different relaxation mechanisms and provide nonequilibrium signatures to distinguish the Mott insulating I-phase from the C-CDW band insulating phase. Moreover, a light-induced bandwidth reduction is observed in the C-CDW phase, pushing it toward the Mott insulating phase. Our work demonstrates the power of ultrafast light-matter interaction in both distinguishing and controlling the extent of Mottness on the ultrafast timescale.

Recent advances in large language models show strong promise for formal reasoning. However, most LLM-based theorem provers have long been constrained by the need for expert-written formal statements as inputs, limiting their applicability to real-world problems expressed in natural language. We tackle this gap with Mathesis, the first end-to-end theorem proving pipeline processing informal problem statements. It contributes Mathesis-Autoformalizer, the first autoformalizer using reinforcement learning to enhance the formalization ability of natural language problems, aided by our novel LeanScorer framework for nuanced formalization quality assessment. It also proposes a Mathesis-Prover, which generates formal proofs from the formalized statements. To evaluate the real-world applicability of end-to-end formal theorem proving, we introduce Gaokao-Formal, a benchmark of 488 complex problems from China's national college entrance exam. Our approach is carefully designed, with a thorough study of each component. Experiments demonstrate Mathesis's effectiveness, with the autoformalizer outperforming the best baseline by 22% in pass-rate on Gaokao-Formal. The full system surpasses other model combinations, achieving 64% accuracy on MiniF2F with pass@32 and a state-of-the-art 18% on Gaokao-Formal.

Topological semimetals have attracted extensive research interests for realizing condensed matter physics counterparts of three-dimensional Dirac and Weyl fermions, which were originally introduced in high energy physics. Recently it has been proposed that type-II Dirac semimetal can host a new type of Dirac fermions which break Lorentz invariance and therefore does not have counterpart in high energy physics. Here we report the electronic structure of high quality PtSe\\(_2\\) crystals to provide direct evidence for the existence of three-dimensional type-II Dirac fermions. A comparison of the crystal, vibrational and electronic structure to a sister compound PtTe\\(_2\\) is also discussed. Our work provides an important platform for exploring the novel quantum phenomena in the PtSe\\(_2\\) class of type-II Dirac semimetals.