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Structural variants (SVs), accounting for a larger fraction of the genome than SNPs/InDels, are an important pool of genetic variation, enabling environmental adaptations. Here, we perform long-read sequencing data of 320 Tibetan and Han samples and show that SVs are highly involved in high-altitude adaptation. We expand the landscape of global SVs, apply robust models of selection and population differentiation combining SVs, SNPs and InDels, and use epigenomic analyses to predict enhancers, target genes and biological functions. We reveal diverse Tibetan-specific SVs affecting the regulatory circuitry of biological functions, including the hypoxia response, energy metabolism and pulmonary function. We find a Tibetan-specific deletion disrupts a super-enhancer and downregulates EPAS1 using enhancer reporter, cellular knock-out and DNA pull-down assays. Our study expands the global SV landscape, reveals the role of gene-regulatory circuitry rewiring in human adaptation, and illustrates the diverse functional roles of SVs in human biology. Here, the authors use single-molecule long-read sequencing to decipher the role of structural variations in high-altitude adaptation, finding evidence that an intergenic deletion down-regulates EPAS1 by disrupting a super-enhancer.

Background Recent studies focus on the genetic and physiological characteristics of the plains Han, plateau Han, and Tibetan populations. However, systematic studies on the differences in metabolic and microbial communities in high-altitude environments remain limited. Results This study profiled metabolomes and microbiomes in plain Han, plateau Han, and Tibetan populations. Differential analysis revealed 30 metabolites and notable alterations in microbial community composition between plain Han and plateau Han. Prevotella , Streptococcus , and Ruminococcus , mainly participating in purine metabolism, were enriched in the plateau Han population. Bacteroidota and Firmicutes were the primary differential bacterial phyla indicating adaptive alternatives, particularly in steroid metabolism. Thirty-four distinct metabolites were identified between plateau Han and Tibetan individuals, including significant lipids such as ceramide, triglycerides (TG), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). These lipids and metabolites were integrally involved in energy metabolism and inflammatory pathways, highlighting the importance of high-altitude environments for metabolic health. Conclusions This study identified significant associations between metabolic, lipid, and microbial differences and altitude-induced physiological variation, illustrating population adaptations to extreme environments. Our systematic comparative analysis improves our understanding of high-altitude adaptability, underlining the importance of integrating metabolic and microbiological analyses and facilitating future research on associated disorders.

BackgroundIn view of the problem that the psychological barriers of ski jumpers before competitions affect the athletes’ performance on the competition ground, this paper discusses the therapeutic effect of psychological training on the athletes’ psychological barriers before competitions, so as to find a reasonable and effective intervention method to help athletes avoid psychological barriers.Subjects and Methods40 ski jumpers were selected as the research objects. With the help of computer, they were randomly divided into two groups. One group was the psychological training group, and 60 times of psychological training were carried out in the 6-month experiment. The other group was General group without any intervention. At the beginning and end of the experiment, the Trait Anxiety Inventory for Sport (TAIS) was used to compare the pre competition psychological disorders of the two groups of athletes.ResultsThe score of the TAIS scale of the two groups after intervention was recorded and compared, as shown in Table 1. As can be seen in Table 1, the average and total TAIS scores of members of the General group are relatively high. Taking dimensional movement tension tendency as an example, the average score of the General group was 12.5. The average score and total score of TAIS in the psychological training group were significantly lower than those in the General group. Taking dimensional movement tension tendency as an example, the average score of the psychological training group was 10.2.Table 1.The score of the TAIS scale of the members of the psychological training group before and after the interventionDimensionGeneral group (MS)Psychological training group (MS)PMovement tension tendency12.510.1<0.05Cognitive anxiety13.310.4<0.05Physical tension tendency9.88.7<0.05Low desire for competition10.88.2<0.05Tendency to lose confidence12.010.0<0.05Total score58.548.7<0.05ConclusionsPsychological barriers will have a significant impact on the patient’s cognition, emotion, and behavior. In sports competitions, psychological barriers will greatly affect the performance of athletes. In view of this problem, the study took 40 ski jumpers as the research object and discussed the effect of psychological training on the treatment of athletes’ psychological disorders before competitions. The experimental results showed that the TAIS score of the psychological training group decreased significantly after the intervention, which indicated that psychological training could effectively help the athletes to avoid psychological obstacles before the competition, so as to give full play to the athletes’ due level.

We examined the effect of sense of entitlement on students' entrepreneurial intention, and assessed attitude toward entrepreneurship as a mediator and authenticity as a moderator of this relationship. Data were collected from 265 Chinese undergraduate students. The effect of sense of entitlement on participants' entrepreneurial intention was supported. In addition, attitude mediated the link between the sense of entitlement and entrepreneurial intention, and authenticity moderated this link. We explored how participants' sense of entitlement that stems from personality traits relates to their entrepreneurial intention, and our results have implications for improvement of entrepreneurial intention and practice.

We investigated the effect of sense of status on undergraduate students' international entrepreneurial intention as well as the possible influences of risk propensity and having a global mindset on this relationship. Data were collected by surveying 265 students at 19 universities in Eastern China. As hypothesized, sense of status was positively related to the students' international entrepreneurial intention, and this relationship was mediated by risk propensity. Further, having a global mindset moderated the mediating effect of risk propensity on the relationship between sense of status and international entrepreneurial intention. This study demonstrates the value to international business study of examining the previously neglected association between sense of status and international entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in China, as well as how risk propensity may influence international entrepreneurial intention.

We examined the effect of sense of entitlement on students' entrepreneurial intention, and assessed attitude toward entrepreneurship as a mediator and authenticity as a moderator of this relationship. Data were collected from 265 Chinese undergraduate students. The effect of sense of entitlement on participants' entrepreneurial intention was supported. In addition, attitude mediated the link between the sense of entitlement and entrepreneurial intention, and authenticity moderated this link. We explored how participants' sense of entitlement that stems from personality traits relates to their entrepreneurial intention, and our results have implications for improvement of entrepreneurial intention and practice.

We investigated the effect of sense of status on undergraduate students' international entrepreneurial intention as well as the possible influences of risk propensity and having a global mindset on this relationship. Data were collected by surveying 265 students at 19 universities in Eastern China. As hypothesized, sense of status was positively related to the students' international entrepreneurial intention, and this relationship was mediated by risk propensity. Further, having a global mindset moderated the mediating effect of risk propensity on the relationship between sense of status and international entrepreneurial intention. This study demonstrates the value to international business study of examining the previously neglected association between sense of status and international entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in China, as well as how risk propensity may influence international entrepreneurial intention.

A cross sectional survey on the prevalence of acute pyrethroid poisoning in cotton farmers was conducted in 1987 and 1988. A total of 3113 pyrethroid spraymen (2230 men (71.6%) and 883 women (28.4%] were interviewed after spraying and followed up for 72 hours. Adverse effects of pyrethroid exposure were found in 834 of them (26.8%) manifested as abnormal facial sensations, dizziness, headache, fatigue, nausea, or loss of appetite. Only 10 subjects, who developed significant systemic symptoms and had signs of listlessness or muscular fasciculation, were diagnosed as having mild occupational acute pyrethroid poisoning with a prevalence of 0.31% in subjects exposed to pure pyrethroids and 0.38% in subjects exposed to pyrethroid organophosphate mixtures. Measurements of pyrethroid concentrations in the air of the breathing zone, in skin pads, and in urine samples showed that dermal contamination is the main route of exposure to pyrethroids in cotton growers. Preventive measures are recommended.

To assess the exposure response relation of pyrethroids in spraymen, 50 adult male cotton growers were selected and divided into three groups, one group to spray pyrethroids for one day, two groups to spray for three days. Deltamethrin, fenvalerate, and a deltamethrin methamidophos mixture were sprayed by appropriate subgroups for five hours a day. Exposure levels were evaluated by measuring the air concentration, dermal exposure concentration, and urinary content of pyrethroids by gas chromatography. Air concentrations of deltamethrin at the breathing zone were 0.01-0.89 microgram/m3 in the deltamethrin exposed group. For fenvalerate, air concentrations were 0.06-1.98 micrograms/m3. Dermal exposure, particularly on the legs, feet, and hands was appreciable and indicated that this was the main route of absorption. In those spraying for one day, urinary deltamethrin was not detectable by 12 hours after the beginning of exposure whereas fenvalerate was still detectable up to 24 hours after first exposure. Both pyrethroids could be detected two days after the end of three day spraying. Health effects were investigated by interview and physical examination. Twenty nine spraymen complained of abnormal facial sensations that developed mostly two to three hours from the start of pyrethroid spraying and that disappeared by 24 hours after exposure ceased. Some had dizziness, headache, and nausea, but no subject was diagnosed as having acute pyrethroid poisoning. The symptoms showed no significant correlation with urinary pyrethroid excretion. Blood cholinesterase activity of spraymen using the pyrethroid methamidophos mixture did not change.

Structural variants (SVs) can be important drivers of human adaptation with strong effects, but previous studies have focused primarily on common variants with weak effects. Here, we used large-scale single-molecule long-read sequencing of 320 Tibetan and Han samples, to show that SVs are key drivers of selection under high-altitude adaptation. We expand the landscape of global SVs, apply robust models of selection and population differentiation combining SVs, SNPs and InDels, and use epigenomic analyses to predict driver enhancers, target genes, upstream regulators, and biological functions, which we validate using enhancer reporter and DNA pull-down assays. We reveal diverse Tibetan-specific SVs affecting the cis- and trans-regulatory circuitry of diverse biological functions, including hypoxia response, energy metabolism, lung function, etc. Our study greatly expands the global SV landscape, reveals the central role of gene-regulatory circuitry rewiring in human adaptation, and illustrates the diverse functional roles that SVs can play in human biology. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Footnotes * High-quality figures (Fig1-5) have been updated in this version.