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Ultrasound with deep penetration depth and high security could be adopted in sonodynamic therapy (SDT) by activating sonosensitizers to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, two-dimensional (2D) coordination nanosheets composed of Zn 2+ and Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) are fabricated. While exhibiting greatly enhanced ultrasound-triggered ROS generation useful for noninvasive SDT, such Zn-TCPP 2D nanosheets show high loading capacity of oligodeoxynucleotides such as cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine (CpG), which is a potent toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist useful in activating immune responses. Highly effective SDT of primary tumors could release tumor-associated antigens, which working together with Zn-TCPP/CpG adjuvant nanosheets could function like whole-tumor-cell vaccines and trigger tumor-specific immune responses. Interestingly, ultrasound itself could strengthen anti-tumor immune responses by improving the tumor-infiltration of T cells and limiting regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, SDT using Zn-TCPP/CpG nanosheets after destruction of primary tumors could induce potent antitumor immune responses to inhibit distant abscopal tumors without direct SDT treatment. Moreover, SDT with Zn-TCPP/CpG could trigger strong immunological memory effects to inhibit cancer recurrence after elimination of primary tumors. Therefore, the 2D coordination nanosheet may be a promising platform to deliver potent SDT-triggered immunotherapy for highly effective cancer treatment.

Background Stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) can reduce the impact of baseline glucose on the stress hyperglycemia level. Studies have shown that SHR is associated with adverse outcomes. However, its relationship with the prognosis of trauma/surgical ICU patients has not been fully studied. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between SHR and the short-term and long-term mortality in trauma/surgical ICU patients. Methods Clinical data of trauma/surgical ICU patients were extracted from MIMIC-IV. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality, and the secondary outcome was 365-day all-cause mortality. Boruta algorithm was used to screen the important features related to the 28-day mortality, and Kaplan–Meier curve, Cox proportional hazards regression, and restricted cubic spline were used to explore the relationship between SHR and clinical outcomes. Results A total of 1744 patients were included, of whom 786 were male and 958 were female. The 28-day and 365-day mortality rates were 14.7% and 27.2%, respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that an increase in SHR was significantly associated with an increased risk of 28-day mortality [HR (95% CI) 1.30 (1.07, 1.58), p  = 0.009] and 365-day mortality [HR (95% CI) 1.05 (1.02–1.09), p  = 0.005]. Restricted cubic spline curve showed that the relationship between SHR and survival rate was \"U-shaped\". Conclusions Increase in SHR is associated with an increased risk of 28-day and 365-day all-cause mortality in trauma/surgical ICU patients.

Solid-state fermentation, featured by water-saving, eco-friendly and high concentration product, is a promising technology in lignocellulosic ethanol industry. However, in solid-state fermentation system, large gas content inside the substrate directly leads to high oxygen partial pressure and inhibits ethanol fermentation. Z. mobilis can produce ethanol from glucose near the theoretical maximum value, but this ethanol yield would be greatly decreased by high oxygen partial pressure during solid-state fermentation. In this study, we applied N2 periodic pulsation process intensification (NPPPI) to ethanol solid-state fermentation, which displaced air with N2 and provided a proper anaerobic environment for Z. mobilis. Based on the water state distribution, the promotion effects of NPPPI on low solid loading and solid-state fermentation were analyzed to confirm the different degrees of oxygen inhibition in ethanol solid-state fermentation. During the simultaneous saccharification solid-state fermentation, the NPPPI group achieved 45.29% ethanol yield improvement and 30.38% concentration improvement compared with the control group. NPPPI also effectively decreased 58.47% of glycerol and 84.24% of acetic acid production and increased the biomass of Z. mobilis. By coupling the peristaltic enzymatic hydrolysis and fed-batch culture, NPPPI made the ethanol yield and concentration reach 80.11% and 55.06 g/L, respectively, in solid-state fermentation.

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a type 2 inflammation- and immunity-driven skin disease, yet a comprehensive understanding of the immune landscape, particularly immune-stromal crosstalk in BP, remains elusive. Herein, using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and in vitro functional analyzes, we pinpoint Th2 cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and fibroblasts as crucial cell populations. The IL13 - IL13RA1 ligand–receptor pair is identified as the most significant mediator of immune-stromal crosstalk in BP. Notably, fibroblasts and DCs expressing IL13RA1 respond to IL13-secreting Th2 cells, thereby amplifying Th2 cell-mediated cascade responses, which occurs through the specific upregulation of PLA2G2A in fibroblasts and CCL17 in myeloid cells, creating a positive feedback loop integral to immune-stromal crosstalk. Furthermore, PLA2G2A and CCL17 contribute to an increased titer of pathogenic anti-BP180-NC16A autoantibodies in BP patients. Our work provides a comprehensive insight into BP pathogenesis and shows a mechanism governing immune-stromal interactions, providing potential avenues for future therapeutic research. Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a type 2 immunity associated skin inflammatory disease. Here the authors characterize the underlying immune-stromal crosstalk in this disease using scRNA sequencing to show that IL13-IL13RA1 signals are involved with fibroblast and DC mediated enhancement of Th2 responses.

Robot hands play an important role in the interaction between robots and the environment, and the precision and complexity of their tasks in work production are becoming higher and higher. However, because the traditional manipulator has too many driving components, complex control, and a lack of versatility, it is difficult to solve the contradiction between the degrees of freedom, weight, flexibility, and grasping ability. The existing manipulator has difficulty meeting the diversified requirements of a simple structure, a large grasping force, and the ability to automatically adapt to shape when grasping an object. To solve this problem, we designed a kind of underactuated manipulator with a simple structure and strong generality based on the metamorphic mechanism principle. First, the mechanism of the manipulator was designed on the basis of the metamorphic mechanism principle, and a kinematics analysis was carried out. Then, the genetic algorithm was used to optimize the size parameters of the manipulator finger structure. Finally, for different shapes of objects, the design of the control circuit binding force feedback control was carried out with a grasping experiment. The experimental results show that the manipulator has simple control and can grasp objects of different sizes, positions, and shapes.

Population aging is a pressing global issue. As it progresses, older adults’ demand for public transport will increase. Ensuring their equitable access is vital for social equity. Meanwhile, physiological changes and travel preferences in older adults create unique bus usage patterns, making them more susceptible to the built environment. To test this, we compared bus travel behavior between older adults and young people in Wuhan, China. Our results showed that older adults travel more often, with a longer morning peak and less pronounced evening peak. We developed the GWRBoost model, combining Geographic Weighted Regression (GWR) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), to explore the spatial heterogeneity and nonlinear impact of the built environment on bus travel for both groups. The study found significant differences in how the built environment affects bus ridership between older adults and young people. For older adults, proximity to the nearest bus stop is most critical, regardless of weekday or weekend. These variables also show spatial variations and nonlinear relations with bus ridership for both groups. These findings improve our understanding of older adults’ travel and offer insights for optimizing their travel environment and promoting transportation equity.

Apis cerana cerana is a key social insect, and its ability to recognize chemical signals is crucial for maintaining colony homeostasis and coordinating collective behaviors, such as foraging, nursing, and defense. The legs of insects play a significant role in gustatory perception and proximity olfactory perception. In this study, the leg sensilla of A. c. cerana were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two types of sensilla were observed, including sensilla trichodea (Str I, Str II, Str III, Str IV, Str V, and Str VI) and sensilla chaetica (Sch I, Sch II, and Sch III). The two unique structures of the tibial spur (Tsp I, Tsp II) and antennal brush (Abr) are carefully observed. The electrophysiological responses of workers at different ages to diverse chemical compounds were measured via electrolegogram (ELG) recordings on their legs. The results showed that 1-day-old A. c. cerana was more sensitive to nonanal; 10-day-old and 25-day-old A. c. cerana were more sensitive to ocimene. The results of behavioral responses showed that nonanal and ocimene can significantly attract 10-day-old workers of A. c. cerana. This study establishes a foundation for further exploration of the mechanisms by which the legs of A. c. cerana facilitate colony-level communication through chemical signals. It also provides an important theoretical basis for understanding their social organization and information transmission.

The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Galleriinae) represents a ubiquitous apicultural pest that poses significant threats to global beekeeping industries. The larvae damage honeybee colonies by consuming wax combs and tunneling through brood frames, consequently destroying critical hive infrastructure including brood-rearing areas, honey storage cells, and pollen reserves. Larval feeding behavior is critically dependent on chemosensory input for host recognition and food selection. In this study, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of larval heads and bodies in G. mellonella. We identified a total of 25 chemosensory genes: 9 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 1 chemosensory protein (CSP), 5 odorant receptors (ORs), 4 gustatory receptors (GRs), 4 ionotropic receptors (IRs) and 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). TPM normalization was employed to assess differential expression patterns of chemosensory genes between heads and bodies. Nine putative chemosensory genes were detected as differentially expressed, suggesting their potential functional roles. Subsequently, we quantified expression dynamics via reverse transcription quantitative PCR in major chemosensory tissues (larval heads, adult male and female antennae), revealing adult antennal-biased expression for most chemosensory genes in G. mellonella. Notably, two novel candidates (GmelOBP22 and GmelSNMP3) exhibited particularly high expression in larval heads, suggesting their crucial functional roles in larval development and survival. These findings enhance our understanding of the chemosensory mechanisms in G. mellonella larvae and establish a critical foundation for future functional investigations into its olfactory mechanisms.