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This study isolated a novel thermophilic heterotrophic nitrifying bacterium, Aeribacillus pallidus sp. GW-E, from aerobic composting. Under conditions of 55 °C, the utilization efficiency of NH₄⁺-N, NO₃⁻-N, and NO₂⁻-N were 87.42%, 21.44%, and 51.68%, respectively. Whole-genome analysis identified key nitrogen metabolism genes ( amt , npd , nirA , gdhA , glnA , and gltBD ) as well as heat stress-related genes ( GRPE , hslO , groES , groEL ). Response surface optimization revealed that under conditions of a C/N ratio of 15, a temperature of 54 °C, and a pH of 8, the NH₄⁺-N utilization efficiency reached 100%. Enzyme activity assays indicated that the activities of three enzymes in the ammonia assimilation pathway were GS 1.014 ± 0.030 U/mg, GDH 1.114 ± 0.090 U/mg, and GOGAT 11.611 ± 0.061 U/mg, which were significantly higher than those of other pathways ( P  < 0.05). Nitrogen balance analysis confirmed that approximately 40.04% of the nitrogen was assimilated. In conclusion, the bacterium primarily utilizes ammonia assimilation, with additional assimilated nitrate reduction and nitrification pathways for nitrogen transformation. This strain represents a valuable microbial resource and provides a theoretical basis for nitrogen retention in high-temperature composting systems.

Background The purpose of the study is to elucidate the changes in aortic morphological parameters and identify the specific geometric risk factors associated with aTBAD. Methods A total of 167 patients in aTBAD group and 196 subjects in control group were enrolled in the study. The aortic morphological data were retrospectively analyzed by 3mensio Vascular software. The aortic morphological parameters include diameter, length, angulation, tortuosity and the type of aortic arch. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to identify the significant predictors associated with the angulation, tortuosity and aortic arch type. The predictive capacity of the models was evaluated through the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results The diameters in the ascending aorta and aortic arch and the lengths in the ascending aorta and total aorta were significantly greater in aTBAD group. Besides, the angulation of the ascending aorta and aortic arch in aTBAD group increased significantly. The tortuosity of aortic arch and total aorta was significantly higher in aTBAD group. The prevalence of type III arch in aTBAD group was significantly higher than that in the controls. Multivariable models demonstrated that aortic arch angulation, tortuosity and type III arch were independent geometric predictors of aTBAD occurrence. Based on the ROC analysis, AUC of the risk prediction models was 0.977, 0.958 and 0.945, respectively. Conclusions Besides the enlargement of the ascending aorta and aortic arch, incremental aortic arch angulation, tortuosity and type III arch configuration are valuable geometric risk factors that could enhance aTBAD incidence.

Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy. Dyskerin pseudouridine synthase 1 (DKC1), a nucleolar protein, is essential for RNA modification and cellular homeostasis, yet its role in MM remains unclear. Methods Prognostic significance of DKC1 in MM patients was evaluated using the MMRF CoMMpass and GEO datasets. Functional effects of DKC1 knockdown or overexpression were investigated via in vitro proliferation, apoptosis assays and in vivo xenografts. Transcriptomic profiling and CMC-based pseudouridine (Ψ) mapping were used to define DKC1-mediated regulation of ATF5. Results Elevated DKC1 expression was identified as an independent prognostic marker of poor outcomes in MM patients. Decision tree analysis demonstrated that integrating DKC1 expression further refined prognostic stratification beyond the ISS system. Functional assays revealed that DKC1 promoted MM cell proliferation, survival and colony formation, while DKC1 knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition with pyrazofurin significantly reduced MM cell proliferation and colony formation, increased apoptosis in vitro, and suppressed tumor growth in xenograft models. RNA sequencing analysis identified ATF5 as a downstream target of DKC1, and subsequent experimental validation confirmed that DKC1 exerts part of its function through ATF5. We further demonstrated that DKC1 knockdown reduces ATF5 mRNA stability through impaired pseudouridylation. Site-specific Ψ modifications on ATF5 mRNA confirmed a direct post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism. Conclusions DKC1 drives MM progression by promoting ATF5 stability through pseudouridylation, thereby enhancing myeloma cell proliferation and survival. These findings highlight that DKC1 may be used as a potential biomarker for risk stratification and a promising therapeutic target in MM.

Glacier forelands, where the initially exposed area is unvegetated with minimal human influence, are an ideal place for research on the distributions and biogeography of microbial communities. Actinobacteria produce many bioactive substances and have important roles in soil development and biogeochemical cycling. However, little is known about the distribution and biogeography of Actinobacteria in glacier forelands. Therefore, we investigated the patterns of diversity and the biogeography of actinobacterial communities of the inhabited forefields of 5 glaciers in China. Of the bacteria, the mean relative abundance of Actinobacteria was 13.1%, and 6 classes were identified in the phylum Actinobacteria. The dominant class was Actinobacteria (57%), which was followed in abundance by Acidimicrobiia (19%) and Thermoleophilia (19%). When combined, the relative abundance of the other three classes, the MB-A2-108, Nitriliruptoria and Rubrobacteria, was only 2.4%. A biogeographic pattern in the forelands of the 5 glaciers in China was not detected for actinobacterial communities. Compared with 7 other actinobacterial communities found in the forelands of glaciers globally, those in the Southern Hemisphere were significantly different from those in the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, the communities were significantly different on the separate continents of the Northern Hemisphere. The dissimilarity of the actinobacterial communities increased with geographic distance (r = 0.428, p = 0.0003). Because of environmental factors, the effect of geography was clear when the distance exceeded a certain continent-level threshold. With the analysis of indicator species, we found that each genus had a geographic characteristic, which could explain why the communities with greater diversity were more strongly affected by biogeography.

A number of recent studies have suggested that icariin (ICA), a class of phytochemical with numerous biological activities, may exert protective effects against postmenopausal bone loss. However, it remains unclear whether ICA regulates or improves the osteoblastic function of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. In the present study, the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs from ovariectomy (OVX) rats was found to be significantly decreased in vitro compared with that in rats that had undergone a sham operation. Treatment with ICA at a dose of 10-5 M was shown to restore the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in OVX rats. The results indicated that ICA restored the differentiation and mineralization capacity of OVX-BMSCs, which had been induced by estrogen deficiency. The effects of this compound on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition were also measured at various time points. The number of colonies and areas that stained positive for ALP expression, and mineralized bone nodules were analyzed histochemically at 14 and 21 days after the osteogenic induction. The expression of the runt-related transcription factor 2 and osterix bone metabolism biomarker proteins and genes were detected by western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The expression of factors involved in the estrogen signaling pathway, estrogen receptor α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR) and trefoil factor 1 (PS-2), was also detected by western blotting and RT-qPCR. ICA enhanced the expression of ERα, PR, PS-2 in OVX-BMSCs, but this effect was abrogated when ICI 182780, an ER antagonist was added. Transplantation of BMSCs into nude mice demonstrated that ICA restored the osteogenic capability of OVX-BMSCs in vivo. Therefore, it may be that ICA acts through the estrogen pathway in order to improve and restore the osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of OVX-BMSCs, which are inhibited by estrogen deficiency and increasing age.

Objective Thoracic aortic pseudoaneurysm (TAP) is an uncommon but life-threatening condition. The present study aimed to investigate the early and midterm clinical outcome of TAP patients following TEVAR and identify potential mortality predictors. Methods We retrospectively reviewed a series of 37 eligible patients with TAP admitted to our hospital from July 2010 to July 2020. We explored their baseline, perioperative and follow-up data. Fisher exact test and Kaplan–Meier method were applied for comparing difference between groups. Results There were 29 men and 12 women, with the mean age as 59.5 ± 13.0 years (range 30–82). The mean follow-up period was 30.7 ± 28.3 months (range 1–89). For early outcome (≤ 30 days), mortality happened in 3 (8.1%) zone 3 TAP patients versus 0 in zone 4 ( p  = 0.028); postoperative acute arterial embolism of lower extremity and type II endoleak respectively occurred in 1(2.7%) case. For midterm outcome, survival at 3 months, 1 year and 5 years was 88.8%, 75.9% and 68.3%, which showed significant difference between zone 2/3 versus zone 4 group (56.3% vs. 72.9%, p  = 0.013) and emergent versus elective TEVAR group (0.0% versus 80.1%, p  = 0.049). Previous stent grafting or esophageal foreign body with Aortoesophageal fistula (AEF), and systemic vasculitis, as etiologies, resulted in encouraging immediate outcome but worse midterm prognosis. Conclusion TAP lesions at zone 2/3 and emergent TEVAR predict worse midterm outcomes compared to zone 4 lesions and elective TEVAR. The outcomes are also mainly restricted by the etiology of the TAP.

As an important food crop, cassava is rich in nutrients and high in starch content and is widely used in the production of industrial raw materials. However, the utilization value of cassava is limited due to the reduction of planting area and the existence of anti-nutritional factors. Therefore, we evaluated in vitro cassava starch digestibility and in vivo growth performance of broilers in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments using three processing methods (mechanical crushing (MC), steam conditioning (SC), and puffing conditioning (PU)) and three conditioning temperatures (60, 75, and 90 °C) to screen for the optimal processing method and conditioning temperature to improve the utilization of cassava. In the in vitro cassava starch digestion study, the digestibility and digestion rate (p < 0.01) were higher at conditioned 90 °C than that at 60 or 75 °C, and PU was higher than SC and MC (p < 0.01) (0.25–2 h). The amylose content and amylose/amylopectin at conditioned 60 °C or PU were lower (p < 0.01) than that of 75 or 90 °C or SC, whereas the opposite was true for amylopectin content (p < 0.01). The resistant starch content of SC or PU was lower (p < 0.01) than MC. In the in vivo study, broilers fed diets conditioned at 60 °C or SC had a lower (p < 0.05) feed-to-gain ratio than those fed diets conditioned at 90 °C or PU diets. The ileum apparent digestibility of starch and AME were higher (p < 0.05) for broilers fed SC diets than for those fed MC diets. These results indicate that cassava starch promoted starch digestion rate by reducing amylose content and amylose/amylose under PU combined with a conditioning temperature of 60 °C, ileum digestibility of starch in broilers fed SC diets was higher than MC diets regardless of conditioning temperature, and SC diets increased AME and decreased F/G to promote growth performance of broilers.

With economic development and improvements in living standards, the demand for livestock products has steadily increased, resulting in the generation of large amounts of livestock manure, which seriously pollutes the ecological environment and poses a threat to human health. High-temperature aerobic composting is an effective method for treating livestock manure; however, traditional composting processes often lead to considerable nitrogen loss, reduced efficiency of soil conditioners, and increased emissions of harmful gases. The incorporation of physical, chemical, and biological additives can effectively retain nitrogen within the compost. Among these, microbial agents are particularly noteworthy as they precisely regulate the microbial community structure associated with nitrogen transformation during aerobic composting, altering the abundance of functional genes and enzyme activities involved in nitrogen transformation. This approach significantly reduces nitrogen loss and harmful gas emissions. This paper reviews the application effects of microbial agents on nitrogen retention during aerobic composting and explores the underlying regulatory mechanisms, aiming to provide theoretical guidance and new research directions for the application of microbial agents in enhancing nitrogen retention during aerobic composting.

Histone deacetylase (HDAC), a key regulator in controlling the acetylation status of histone, are considered to be associated with viability, migration, invasion, proliferation and apoptosis of malignant tumors. The HDAC inhibition is an effective strategy for designing compounds against malignant tumors and five compounds have been approved by FDA or NMPA for clinical therapy. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of novel carbazole-hydroxamate analogues as HDAC inhibitors and evaluated their anti-tumor properties in vitro. Compared with vorinostat, the HDAC semi-inhibitory concentration of compounds 3f and 3g decreased 4–13 folds, compounds 8a and 8c also showed strong inhibitory HDAC activity, and compound 3g had a strong inhibitory effect on HDAC 1. The CCK8 assay showed that compounds 3g displayed good antiproliferative activity on tested tumor cells. Flow cytometric and western blot assay showed that 3g exerted anti-tumor activities by regulating the level of Ac-HH3 and activating the cleaved caspase 3. Based on these results, carbazole-hydroxamate derivative 3g might become a potential anti-tumor candidate molecule to further structural optimization research. Graphical Abstract

As super-saturated solid solutions of Al-Mg, 5XXX series aluminum alloys are susceptible to sensitization via intergranular precipitation of the anodic β-phase, which promotes intergranular corrosion, exfoliation and stress corrosion cracking under environmental conditions. This deleterious process occurs at time and temperature scales that eventually impact most structural applications over the course of multiple decades. Efforts to better control sensitization in these alloys, or establish predictive models, have historically been hampered by the large inter-lot variations found between nominally identical material produced by different suppliers, as the starting microstructure and total rolling reduction are not adequately specified by current cold-rolled plate tempers.The work in this dissertation demonstrates that the sensitization response of these alloys can be approached as a combination of two independent contributions: the geometric configuration of grain boundaries passing through the microstructure that are most prone to sensitization, and the rate that these boundaries sensitize due to the formation of the β-phase. The sensitization rate kinetics of the most susceptible boundaries can be modeled using a modified Johnson-Mehl-Avarami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) theory based approach, as applied to the impinging locally sensitized regions surrounding discrete β-phase precipitates. The microstructural configuration manifests as a sample-dependent linear scaling factor in the sensitization response. The JMAK model describes the kinetics of sensitization with excellent accuracy across all data available in the literature. This work demonstrates through the JMAK sensitization model that a clear change in the β-phase nucleation and growth kinetics in these alloys can be observed above 100°C, and the kinetic constants both above and below that temperature can be accurately fitted. The results of the model importantly imply that sensitization at environmental temperatures proceeds via a site-saturated process, with the β-phase forming on a set density of preferential nucleation sites.The extent of intergranular corrosion in sensitized materials is highly dependent on the exact geometric configuration of networked high-angle grain boundaries available for propagation. This leads to a large directional dependency in the degree of sensitization along different axes of anisotropic microstructures such as rolled plates. Utilizing adaptations of the ASTM G67 standard commonly used to assess bulk sensitization, isolated directional inter-granular corrosion responses from different microstructures are presented to establish ties between local boundary sensitivity and microstructural configuration, and to prove that the microstructural contribution to the overall sensitization response can be treated as a linear scaling factor as hypothesized from the kinetic model.Taking advantage of the mechanistic implications of the developed model, the final portion of this dissertation demonstrates that it is possible to reduce the sensitization kinetics in these alloys to nearly half their original rate in the as-received plate condition through a novel and minimally invasive pretreatment strategy, doubling the possible service lifetime.