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Incorporating mixed ion is a frequently used strategy to stabilize black-phase formamidinum lead iodide perovskite for high-efficiency solar cells. However, these devices commonly suffer from photoinduced phase segregation and humidity instability. Herein, we find that the underlying reason is that the mixed halide perovskites generally fail to grow into homogenous and high-crystalline film, due to the multiple pathways of crystal nucleation originating from various intermediate phases in the film-forming process. Therefore, we design a multifunctional fluorinated additive, which restrains the complicated intermediate phases and promotes orientated crystallization of α-phase of perovskite. Furthermore, the additives in-situ polymerize during the perovskite film formation and form a hydrogen-bonded network to stabilize α-phase. Remarkably, the polymerized additives endow a strongly hydrophobic effect to the bare perovskite film against liquid water for 5 min. The unencapsulated devices achieve 24.10% efficiency and maintain >95% of the initial efficiency for 1000 h under continuous sunlight soaking and for 2000 h at air ambient of ~50% humid, respectively. Formamidinum lead iodide perovskite solar cells commonly suffer from photoinduced phase segregation and humidity instability. Here, the authors design a multifunctional fluorinated additive to promote orientated crystallization of α-phase, and achieve maximum efficiency of 24.1% and T95 over 1000 h.

Lithium salt-doped spiro-OMeTAD is widely used as a hole-transport layer (HTL) for high-efficiency n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs), but unfortunately facing awkward instability for commercialization arising from the intrinsic Li + migration and hygroscopicity. We herein demonstrate a superoxide radicals (•O 2 − ) derived HTL of metal-free spiro-OMeTAD with remarkable capability of avoiding the conventional tedious oxidation treatment in air for highly stable PSCs. Present work explores the employing of variant-valence Eu(TFSI) 2 salts that could generate •O 2 − for facile and adequate pre-oxidation of spiro-OMeTAD, resulting in the HTL with dramatically increased conductivity and work function. Comparing to devices adopting HTL with LiTFSI doping, the •O 2 − -derived spiro-OMeTAD increases the PSCs efficiency up to 25.45% and 20.76% for 0.05 cm 2 active area and 6 × 6 cm 2 module, respectively. State-of-art PSCs employing such metal-free HTLs are also demonstrated to show much-improved environmental stability even under harsh conditions, e.g., maintaining over 90% of their initial efficiency after 1000 h of operation at the maximum power point and after 80 light-thermal cycles under simulated low earth orbit conditions, respectively, indicating the potentials of developing metal-free spiro-OMeTAD for low-cost and shortened processing of perovskite photovoltaics. The migration and hygroscopicity of lithium salt in doped spiro-OMeTAD hampers the device efficiency of perovskite solar cells. Here, the authors employ Eu(TFSI) 2 salts to generate superoxide radical for facile pre-oxidation, achieving enhanced efficiency and stability of solar cells and modules.

Although the power conversion efficiency values of perovskite solar cells continue to be refreshed, it is still far from the theoretical Shockley-Queisser limit. Two major issues need to be addressed, including disorder crystallization of perovskite and unbalanced interface charge extraction, which limit further improvements in device efficiency. Herein, we develop a thermally polymerized additive as the polymer template in the perovskite film, which can form monolithic perovskite grain and a unique “Mortise-Tenon” structure after spin-coating hole-transport layer. Importantly, the suppressed non-radiative recombination and balanced interface charge extraction benefit from high-quality perovskite crystals and Mortise-Tenon structure, resulting in enhanced open-circuit voltage and fill-factor of the device. The PSCs achieve certified efficiency of 24.55% and maintain >95% initial efficiency over 1100 h in accordance with the ISOS-L-2 protocol, as well as excellent endurance according to the ISOS-D-3 accelerated aging test. Disorder crystallization of perovskite and unbalanced charge extraction limit the performance of perovskite solar cells. Here, the authors develop self-polymerizing additive to form monolithic perovskite grains with mortise-tenon structure, achieving efficiency over 24% and long device stability.

High-precision piezoresistive pressure sensors play a significant role in aerospace, automotive, and other fields. Nonlinear error is the key factor that restricts the improvement of the sensor precision. A mathematical model for evaluating the sensor’s nonlinear error is established, based on which a piezoresistor sensitivity matching method is proposed to suppress the nonlinear error. By adjusting the piezoresistors' structure and position on the sensing membrane, four piezoresistors with equal sensitivity are obtained, and theoretical quasi-zero nonlinear error is achieved. To verify the design, sensor prototypes are fabricated utilizing the MEMS technology. After sensor packaging, a cylindrical absolute pressure sensor featuring a 4 mm diameter with a range from 0 to 100 kPa is acquired. The experimental results demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed sensor, which indicates a nonlinear error as low as ±0.004%FS. Besides, the proposed sensor has a sensitivity of 1.6810 mV/kPa, a hysteresis of 0.025%, a repeatability of 0.015%, a zero drift of 0.03%FS, and a 3 dB frequency from 0 to 121.82 kHz. Moreover, the prototype is tested in the Mach 4 wind tunnel, and the measurement error between the proposed sensor and the true pressure is ±0.98%. This paper provides key sensing technology for high-precision surface pressure analysis of aircraft.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with macrovascular invasion (MVI) have dismal prognosis and there are no standard perioperative therapies. This phase 2 trial (ChiCTR2000036385) aimed to investigate the activity and safety of perioperative tislelizumab plus intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for resectable HCC with MVI. Thirty treatment-naïve patients with MVI received 3 cycles of tislelizumab intravenously (200 mg, every three weeks) and concurrent IMRT (45 Gray in 15 fractions). Primary endpoints were the overall response rate (ORR) and overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints were the proportion of patients with a complete or major pathological response (pCR or MPR), recurrence-free survival (RFS) and safety. Of patients enrolled, 15 (50%) underwent curative surgery followed by adjuvant tislelizumab. The ORR was 30.0% (90% CI 16.6%-46.5%) and the median OS was 18.7 months. Of the 15 patients underwent surgical resection, 10 (66.7%) achieved pCR or MPR and 8 (53.3%) remained recurrence-free. The median RFS were not reached with a median follow-up of 21.77 months (95% CI 12.50-31.03) post-surgery. 4 (13.3%) patients experienced grade 3 treatment-related adverse events. The most common events were thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and anemia. The trial has met the pre-specified endpoints, and these results support further studies of perioperative immunotherapy plus radiotherapy in HCC. Macrovascular invasion (MVI) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Here the authors report the results of a phase 2 trial of perioperative tislelizumab (anti-PD1) plus intensity modulated radiotherapy in resectable HCC with MVI.

Resistance limits the efficacy and durability of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate the outcomes and characteristics of HCC patients with resistance to immunotherapy. Patients with HCC who have received ICIs at Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital between 2016 and 2021 were retrospectively screened and divided into primary resistance, secondary resistance, and durable response group. Time to progression (TTP), overall survival (OS), subsequent management and post-progression survival (PPS) were analyzed. Of 496 patients included, 229 (46.2%) and 141 (28.4%) patients developed primary and secondary resistance, and 126 (25.4%) patients achieved a durable response, the median TTP was 2.83 [2.56–3.09] months, 11.93 [10.45–13.40] months, and not reached, respectively, whereas the median OS was 12.83 [10.36–15.30] months, 31.53 [28.09–34.97] and not reached, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that Child–Pugh score, BCLC stage, and combined systemic therapies (ICI plus bevacizumab or lenvatinib versus ICI monotherapy) were independently associated with primary resistance, and only combined systemic therapies (ICI plus bevacizumab versus ICI monotherapy) were independently associated with secondary resistance. AFP levels were independently associated with PPS in patients with primary resistance, while post-progression therapies (ICI-based therapies versus others) were independently associated with PPS in patients with resistance. The risk of resistance was notably lower in patients receiving the combination of ICI plus bevacizumab. High AFP levels were associated with the survival of patients with primary resistance. ICI-based maintenance therapy after resistance may provide a significant survival advantage for HCC patients.

The artificial neural network method has been widely applied to the performance prediction of fillers and evaporative coolers, but its application to the dew point indirect evaporative coolers is rare. To fill this research gap, a novel performance prediction model for dew point indirect evaporative cooler based on back propagation neural network was established using Matlab2018. Simulation based on the test date in the moderately humid region of Yulin City (Shaanxi Province, China) finds that: the root mean square error of the evaporation efficiency of the back propagation model is 3.1367, and the r2 is 0.9659, which is within the acceptable error range. However, the relative error of individual data (sample 7) is a little bit large, which is close to 10%. In order to improve the accuracy of the back propagation model, an optimized model based on particle swarm optimization was established. The relative error of the optimized model is generally smaller than that of the BP neural network especially for sample 7. It is concluded that the optimized artificial neural network is more suitable for solving the performance prediction problem of dew point indirect evaporative cooling units.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown promising efficacy in multiple cancers including biliary tract cancers (BTCs). However, the data focusing on the efficacy of ICIs in patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC) is still limited. In this study, we aim to assess the efficacy of ICIs in GBC and explore the clinicopathologic and molecular markers associated with ICI benefit. We retrospective analyzed 69 GBC patients who had received ICI therapy between January 2016 and December 2020. Tumor samples were obtained for genomic sequencing and immunohistochemical analysis. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was 4.4 months and 8.5 months, respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that alcohol intake history, carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA) level ≥100 U/mL, and cutaneous immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) were independent prognostic factors for PFS. CEA level ≥100 U/mL and cutaneous irAEs were independent prognostic factors for OS. The objective response rate and disease control rate (DCR) were 15.9% and 37.7%, respectively. Patients with cutaneous irAEs, high CD8+ T cell infiltrated or immune inflamed GBCs had higher DCR. Patients with high CD8+ T cell infiltrated or immune inflamed GBCs also had a notably improved prognosis. These results suggest that ICIs were effective in patients with GBC. High CEA level, cutaneous irAEs, high CD8+ T cell infiltration, and immune inflamed phenotype could be useful for predicting the efficacy of ICIs in GBC. Data on 69 gallbladder cancer (GBC) patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) were retrospectively analyzed and reported. The median progression‐free survival was 4.4 months, median overall survival was 8.5 months, and objective response and disease control rates were 15.9% and 37.7%, respectively. High carcinoma embryonic antigen level, cutaneous immune‐related adverse events, high CD8+ T cell infiltration, and immune inflamed phenotype could be useful for predicting the efficacy of ICIs in GBC.

Coral bleaching is a multifactorial stress response in which the breakdown of symbiosis with algal and bacterial partners has been well characterized, but the role of fungal communities remains largely unexplored. Here, we tracked the temporal dynamics of coral-associated fungi in Turbinaria sp. across three defined bleaching stages under natural thermal stress. In total, 161 genera from six phyla were detected. From the unbleached to partly bleached stage, fungal Simpson diversity declined, whereas observed richness slightly increased; putative pathogenic genera (e.g., Apiotrichum, Curvularia, Exserohilum, and Schizophyllum) rose sharply (39.44%→69.04%), whereas parasitic fungi decreased (33.01%→11.72%). From the partly to fully bleached stage, diversity rebounded. Co-occurrence networks became more complex initially (nodes 86→98; edges 454→809; average degree 10.56→16.51) but then collapsed below baseline (nodes 98→65; edges 809→196; average degree 16.51→6.03), indicating stress-driven restructuring. The proportion of positive correlations declined steadily (98.68%→93.82%→77.55%), suggesting a shift toward more competitive and unstable community structures under stress. Our findings demonstrate that fungal communities actively respond to thermal stress and exhibit distinct compositional and ecological shifts during bleaching, pointing to their overlooked but potentially significant role in coral health and deterioration. This study highlights the need to integrate fungal dynamics into the broader understanding of holobiont responses to coral bleaching.

The energy consumption status and energy saving potential of the air-conditioning systems of data centers in seven typical cities in China (Xinjiang, Beijing, Jinan, Shanghai, Nanning, Guilin, and Haikou), representing diverse climate regions, were studied. The power usage effectiveness (PUE) and cooling load factor (CLF) were taken as the evaluation indicators. First, the energy consumption situations of the existing air-conditioning systems were analyzed using an internship survey. Second, the meteorological data throughout the year for the seven cities were statistically analyzed. Then, two energy saving renovation schemes were proposed. The operating hours under different operating modes in the seven cities were calculated, and the PUE and energy saving potential of the two energy saving schemes were evaluated by taking the production of 15 °C chilled water as an example. This study provides an overall picture of the energy utilization status in the current Chinese data center market and provides solutions for improving the design of air-conditioning systems, with energy saving benefits.