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Capacitors exhibit exceptional power density, a vast operational temperature range, remarkable reliability, lightweight construction, and high efficiency, making them extensively utilized in the realm of energy storage. There exist two primary categories of energy storage capacitors: dielectric capacitors and supercapacitors. Dielectric capacitors encompass film capacitors, ceramic dielectric capacitors, and electrolytic capacitors, whereas supercapacitors can be further categorized into double-layer capacitors, pseudocapacitors, and hybrid capacitors. These capacitors exhibit diverse operational principles and performance characteristics, subsequently dictating their specific application scenarios. To make informed decisions in selecting capacitors for practical applications, a comprehensive knowledge of their structure and operational principles is imperative. Consequently, this review delved into the structure, working principles, and unique characteristics of the aforementioned capacitors, aiming to clarify the distinctions between dielectric capacitors, supercapacitors, and lithium-ion capacitors.

Electrochemical energy storage devices commonly face a trade-off between specific energy and power capability. Black phosphorus offers a high theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g −1 , but its practical application is limited by slow reaction kinetics during multiphase phosphorus redox processes. These sluggish transformations, involving bond rearrangement and soluble intermediates, hinder fast charging and compromise cycling stability. Here we show that introducing phosphorus–nitrogen bonds into a black phosphorus/carbon composite regulates the reaction pathway and accelerates charge transport. The engineered bonding environment modifies the electronic structure of black phosphorus and lowers lithium-ion diffusion barriers, enabling faster lithiation and delithiation. Meanwhile, nitrogen sites in the carbon matrix confine lithium–phosphorus intermediates, reducing their migration and improving structural stability. This combined effect enhances both rate capability and reversibility. When coupled with lithium iron phosphate in a pouch cell, the composite negative electrode delivers a specific energy of 282 Wh kg −1 and retains 80% of its capacity after 10 min of charging at high specific current. The device also maintains stable operation over thousands of cycles, demonstrating improved durability under fast charging conditions. Fast-charging black phosphorus electrodes are limited by slow multiphase redox reactions. Here, authors engineer P–N bonds in the phosphorus bulk to accelerate lithium insertion and boost performance. Pouch cells can hit 80% charge in 10 min, delivering 282 Wh/kg and lasting over 3,400 cycles.

Despite features of cost-effectiveness, high safety, and superior capacity, aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have issues of uncontrolled dendritic cell failure and poor Zn utilization, resulting in inferior cycling reversibility. Herein, the environmentally friendly and naturally abundant sodium citrate (SC) was adopted as a dual-functional additive for ZnSO4-based (ZSO) electrolytes. Owing to the abundant hydrogen-bond donors and hydrogen-bond acceptors of SC, the Zn2+-solvation shell is interrupted to facilitate Zn desolvation, resulting in inhibited corrosion reactions. Additionally, sodium ions (Na+) from the SC additive with a lower effective reduction potential than that of zinc ions (Zn2+) form an electrostatic shield inhibiting the formation of initial surface protuberances and subsequent Zn dendrite growth. This assists in the Zn three-dimensional (3D) diffusion and deposition, thereby effectively enhancing cycling stability. Specifically, a long cycling lifespan (more than 760 h) of the Zn//Zn symmetric cell is achieved with a 2 M ZSO-1.0 SC electrolyte at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. When coupled with the NaV3O8·1.5 H2O (NVO) cathode, the full battery containing SC additive exhibited a capacity retention rate (40.0%) and a cycling life of 400 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1 compared with that of pure ZnSO4 electrolyte (23.8%). This work provides a protocol for selecting an environmentally friendly and naturally abundant dual-functional electrolyte additive to achieve solvation shell regulation and Zn anode protection for the practical large-scale application of ZIBs.

As a representative electrochemical energy storage device, supercapacitors (SCs) feature higher energy density than traditional capacitors and better power density and cycle life compared to lithium-ion batteries, which explains why they are extensively applied in the field of energy storage. While the available reviews are mainly concerned with component materials, state estimation, and industrial applications, there is a shortage of understanding of thermal behaviors and thermal management systems of SCs, which makes this review a timely aide for fulfilling this gap. This review introduces the energy storage mechanisms of SCs, followed by descriptions of current investigations of thermal behaviors. This covers the aspects of heat generation rates for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs), together with reviewing existing experimental methods to measure and estimate heat generation rates, as well as comparative assessments of multiple heat generation rate models and research on thermal runaway. In addition, there are also overviews of current efforts by researchers in air cooling systems, liquid cooling systems, phase change material cooling systems, and heat pipe cooling systems. Finally, an in-depth discussion is provided regarding the challenges and future work directions for SCs in thermal behaviors and thermal management systems.

The lithium-ion battery (LIB) has become the most widely used electrochemical energy storage device due to the advantage of high energy density. However, because of the low rate of Faradaic process to transfer lithium ions (Li+), the LIB has the defects of poor power performance and cycle performance, which can be improved by adding capacitor material to the cathode, and the resulting hybrid device is also known as a lithium-ion battery capacitor (LIBC). This review introduces the typical structure and working principle of an LIBC, and it summarizes the recent research developments in advanced LIBCs. An overview of non-lithiated and pre-lithiated anode materials for LIBCs applications is given, and the commonly used pre-lithiation methods for the anodes of LIBCs are present. Capacitor materials added to the cathodes, and suitable separator materials of LIBCs are also reviewed. In addition, the polarization phenomenon, pulsed performance and safety issues of LIBCs and electrode engineering for improving electrochemical performance are systematically analyzed. Finally, the future research and development direction of advanced LIBCs is prospected through the discussion of the existing problems of an LIBC in which the battery material in the composite cathode is LiNixCoyMn1−x−yO2 (NCM).

Herein, we prepare vertical and single crystalline porous silicon nanowires (SiNWs) via a two-step metal-assisted electroless etching method. The porosity of the nanowires is restricted by etchant concentration, etching time and doping lever of the silicon wafer. The diffusion of silver ions could lead to the nucleation of silver nanoparticles on the nanowires and open new etching ways. Like porous silicon (PS), these porous nanowires also show excellent photoluminescence (PL) properties. The PL intensity increases with porosity, with an enhancement of about 100 times observed in our condition experiments. A “red-shift” of the PL peak is also found. Further studies prove that the PL spectrum should be decomposed into two elementary PL bands. The peak at 850 nm is the emission of the localized excitation in the nanoporous structure, while the 750-nm peak should be attributed to the surface-oxidized nanostructure. It could be confirmed from the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. These porous SiNW arrays may be useful as the nanoscale optoelectronic devices.

This paper presents a method for modeling and predicting ISC in gel-electrolyte lithium-ion batteries, addressing critical safety concerns in electric vehicles. While gel-electrolytes are highlighted for their superior stability and performance advantages over liquid-electrolytes, they remain susceptible to IISC due to factors such as dendrite formation or mechanical stress. This study provides a detailed analysis of the unique ISCs mechanism in gel-electrolytes, emphasizing the differences between gel-electrolyte and liquid-electrolyte batteries in terms of ion transport dynamics and thermal performance. Based on these characteristics, an electrochemical–thermal–ISC coupling model was developed, and an external short-circuit resistance test was conducted to validate the model’s accuracy. By simulating various ISC states using the coupling model, a comprehensive dataset of battery ISC parameters was obtained, encompassing voltage, current, temperature, SOC, capacity loss, and internal resistance. ISC prediction models were subsequently developed using BP, CNN, and LSTM networks, with a comparative analysis of their prediction accuracy. This research advances the ISC prediction framework for gel-electrolyte batteries and demonstrates the potential of CNN-based models to achieve higher accuracy in fault prediction. Accurate ISC prediction is crucial for ensuring safe battery operation in electric vehicles.

As the application scale of battery energy storage gradually increases, the accurate prediction of the remaining service life of large-capacity energy storage batteries is crucial for high-quality development in this field. To address the issues of insufficient reliability and poor generalization in large-capacity energy storage battery life prediction, a deep learning framework based on a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network is developed. Early aging data from the first 150 cycles is used for the model, with outliers removed and noise reduced through Savitzky–Golay (SG) filtering. Data normalization and a sliding window method are employed for training. The model is validated on two batches of large-capacity batteries under GB/T 36276-2023 conditions at 25 °C and 45 °C, achieving the root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 0.86% and 0.50%, respectively, over 1000 cycles. Additionally, the method is tested on small-capacity batteries from an MIT dataset, achieving an RMSE of 4.3%. A transfer learning module fine-tunes the model using cycles 151–300, reducing RMSEs to 0.18%, 0.10%, and 3.1% for the three battery sets. This enhances the model’s generalization and offers a practical solution for life prediction in battery inspection and evaluation.

High-power lithium-ion batteries impose stringent requirements on output power. Tetramethylene sulfone (TMS), serving as a novel electrolyte additive, effectively enhances the stability of electrolytes under high-voltage conditions due to its high flash point and high dielectric constant, thereby boosting the output performance of lithium-ion batteries. In this work, we selected lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) as the lithium salt, using a solvent carrier consisting of a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). TMS was added as an additive to create a novel high-power electrolyte system. We prepared five electrolytes with different TMS concentrations and conducted in-depth investigations into their impacts on the performance of lithium-ion batteries. The findings indicate that the electrolytes with TMS ratios of 2 wt% and 5 wt% demonstrated good synergistic cathode–anode stability in the NCM//soft carbon system, and the electrolyte with a 5 wt% TMS ratio demonstrated the most significant improvement in the overall performance of the full battery.

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) feature a high-power density, long-term cycling stability, and good energy storage performance, and so, LICs will be widely applied in new energy, new infrastructure, intelligent manufacturing. and other fields. To further enhance the comprehensive performance of LICs, the exploration of new material systems has become a focus of research. Carbon nano-onions (CNOs) are promising candidates in the field of energy storage due to the properties of their outstanding electrical conductivity, large external surface area, and nanoscopic dimensions. Herein, the structure, composition, and electrochemical properties of carbon nano-onion-encapsulated Ni nanoparticles (Ni@CNOs) have been characterized first in the present study. The initial discharge and charge capacities of Ni@CNOs as anodes (in half-cells (vs. Li)) were 869 and 481 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, respectively. Even at a current density of 10 A g−1, the reversible specific capacity remained at 111 mAh g−1. Ni@CNOs were used as anode materials to assemble LICs (full pouch cells (vs. activated carbon)), which exhibited compelling electrochemical performance and cycle stability after optimizing the mass ratio of the positive and negative electrodes. The energy density of the LICs reached 140.1 Wh kg−1 at 280.2 W kg−1 and even maintained 76.6 Wh kg−1 at 27.36 kW kg−1. The LICs also demonstrated excellent cycling stability with a 94.09% capacitance retention over 40,000 cycles. Thus, this work provides an effective solution for the ultra-rapid fabrication of Ni-cored carbon nano-onion materials to achieve high-performance LICs.