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Background Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are critical for plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses, especially heat stress. They have also been implicated in various aspects of plant development. However, the acting mechanisms of the sHSPs in plants, especially in perennial grass species, remain largely elusive. Results In this study, AsHSP26.8a , a novel chloroplast-localized sHSP gene from creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.) was cloned and its role in plant response to environmental stress was studied. AsHSP26.8a encodes a protein of 26.8 kDa. Its expression was strongly induced in both leaf and root tissues by heat stress. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AsHSP26.8a displayed reduced tolerance to heat stress. Furthermore, overexpression of AsHSP26.8a resulted in hypersensitivity to hormone ABA and salinity stress. Global gene expression analysis revealed AsHSP26.8a-modulated expression of heat-shock transcription factor gene, and the involvement of AsHSP26.8a in ABA-dependent and -independent as well as other stress signaling pathways. Conclusions Our results suggest that AsHSP26.8a may negatively regulate plant response to various abiotic stresses through modulating ABA and other stress signaling pathways.

In the context of an increasingly volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) business environment, the ability of an enterprise to develop a robust and resilient business model is critical for its long-term sustainability. Although existing research has delved into the relationship between enterprise behavior and business model resilience, most of these studies, which predominantly adopt an enterprise-centric perspective, rely on qualitative methodologies. Consequently, there is a notable gap in quantitative research examining the relationship between enterprise–user interaction and business model resilience. To bridge this research gap, this study, grounded in dynamic capability theory, conducts an empirical investigation using a sample of 300 questionnaires to explore the intricate internal mechanisms underlying the impact of enterprise–user interaction on business model resilience. The findings reveal that enterprises engaging in more frequent interactions with users tend to exhibit stronger business model resilience. Furthermore, dynamic capability serves as a mediating mechanism in the relationship between enterprise–user interaction and business model resilience. Additionally, knowledge-oriented leadership, as an emerging leadership style, plays a moderating role in the relationship between enterprise–user interaction and dynamic capability, as well as in the mediating effect of dynamic capability. This study contributes to the literature by deepening the understanding of the interplay between enterprise–user interaction and business model resilience. Moreover, it offers practical insights for enterprises seeking to enhance their business model resilience in the VUCA era.

The COVID-19 global pandemic eruption has thrown schedules, preferences, and current networks into disarray, creating inherent uncertainty about what lies ahead. This adversity brought on by covid 19 global pandemic created a displacement event in an individual life that can trigger sudden behavioral changes in an individual that would necessitate the search for several opportunities for making ends meet. However, individuals’ responses to the occurrence of any particular event are influenced by their judgments of whether the event is negative or positive, as well as whether the occurrence of that event can be used to generate income. Thus this study is intended to explore how adversity leads to entrepreneurship during covid 19 global pandemic. Specifically, what can inspire individuals to start a new venture in today’s world that has been severely impacted by the covid 19 global pandemic? This study collects survey data from popular cities in China and analyzed the data using a structural equation model to empirically explore what determines entrepreneurial intention to start a new venture during a global pandemic. The findings show that possible feasibility and necessity have a strong influence on entrepreneurial intention in starting a new venture.

In the ever-changing landscape of China’s digital economy, comprehending the transition drivers from latent to active participation in entrepreneurship is critical. This research explores the factors shaping the decisions of latent entrepreneurs to become active entrepreneurs in a digital context. Using simple random sampling, this study randomly selected 18 industries within China’s major cities. This study collected cross-sectional data from 485 respondents in high-tech and low-tech industries across six major Chinese cities and tested the model using partial least structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Statistical findings conducted by SmartPLS reveal a nuanced interplay between personal factors and external traits in shaping the transition to active entrepreneurship. In particular, entrepreneurial competence, digital skills and literacy, and adaptability are crucial personal factors influencing this transition. Access to the necessary technology, startup cost, market and customer base, and government support are external traits found to significantly shape individual decisions to venture into digital entrepreneurship. Surprisingly, Logistics and Transportation (LAT) had no substantial impact on the transformation. This investigation strengthens entrepreneurship theory while also providing policymakers and industry actors with practical insights. Personalized training for entrepreneurs, spending on digital infrastructure, evidence-based regulations, and enhanced business innovation initiatives are among the recommendations. Plain language summary Comprehending Factors Shaping the Decisions of Individuals with entrepreneurial aspirations to become active Entrepreneurs in a Digital context This study investigates why some people in China go from dreaming about starting a business to actually executing it, particularly in the digital sphere. This study investigated elements that impact this transition, which include personal factors and external traits. To do that this study randomly selected 485 persons from various industries and cities in China and evaluated their data using a method known as partial least structural equation modeling. In this study, we discovered that personal factors such as individual skills in digital technology, personal competence, and adaptability have a significant impact on their decision to establish a business. External forces including access to technology, enough funding, establishing markets and customers and political assistance are also significant. Interestingly, the study discovered that the logistics and transportation industry had no influence on whether or not someone became an active entrepreneur. Overall, this research improves our understanding of entrepreneurship and makes recommendations for how governments and corporations may assist people who wish to establish digital firms. This study advocates for tailored entrepreneur training, investments in digital technology, evidence-based policymaking, and supporting more innovative business practices.

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible disease resistance phenomenon in plant species, providing plants with broad-spectrum resistance to secondary pathogen infections beyond the initial infection site. In Arabidopsis , SAR can be triggered by direct pathogen infection or treatment with the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA), as well as its analogues 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and benzothiadiazole (BTH). The SA receptor non-expressor of pathogenesis-related protein gene 1 (NPR1) protein serves as a key regulator in controlling SAR signaling transduction. Similarly, in common wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), pathogen infection or treatment with the SA analogue BTH can induce broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew, leaf rust, Fusarium head blight, and other diseases. However, unlike SAR in the model plant Arabidopsis or rice, SAR-like responses in wheat exhibit unique features and regulatory pathways. The acquired resistance (AR) induced by the model pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 is regulated by NPR1 , but its effects are limited to the adjacent region of the same leaf and not systemic. On the other hand, the systemic immunity (SI) triggered by Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis ( Xtc ) or Pseudomonas syringae pv. japonica ( Psj ) is not controlled by NPR1 or SA, but rather closely associated with jasmonate (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and several transcription factors. Furthermore, the BTH-induced resistance (BIR) partially depends on NPR1 activation, leading to a broader and stronger plant defense response. This paper provides a systematic review of the research progress on SAR in wheat, emphasizes the key regulatory role of NPR1 in wheat SAR, and summarizes the potential of pathogenesis-related protein ( PR ) genes in genetically modifying wheat to enhance broad-spectrum disease resistance. This review lays an important foundation for further analyzing the molecular mechanism of SAR and genetically improving broad-spectrum disease resistance in wheat.

Background Quinoa exhibits striking inflorescence color variation, with red inflorescences (RF) characterized by higher anthocyanin accumulation than green inflorescences (GF). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenotype remain insufficiently understood. Results Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed substantial differences in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway between RF and GF accessions. RF plants showed marked upregulation of key structural genes, including ANS , 3GGT , and malonyltransferases ( MaTs ). Notably, MYB and bHLH transcription factors, including homologs of MdMYBA1, AtPAP1/2, and ZmbHLH125, were identified as master regulators, while the WD40 was significantly upregulated, supporting formation of the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex. Genes encoding transporters such as multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins were also significantly upregulated, supporting the enhanced accumulation of malonylated cyanidin and petunidin derivatives. Regulatory analysis further revealed that abscisic acid (ABA) signaling appeared to indirectly influence anthocyanin biosynthesis by modulating transcription factor expression. Genomic analysis further showed that quinoa, as an allotetraploid species, possesses multiple paralogs of anthocyanin-related genes, potentially enhancing metabolic plasticity. Conclusions This study elucidates the metabolic, transcriptional, and genomic bases of inflorescence color formation in quinoa. The findings highlight that red panicle formation is driven by coordinated upregulation of biosynthetic genes (ANS, 3GGT, MaTs), transporters (MRP, MATE), and MBW transcription factors, with ABA signaling playing a key modulatory role. The findings provide valuable insight for improving pigment quality and advancing molecular breeding in this crop.

Background Isopentenyltransferases (IPT) serve as crucial rate-limiting enzyme in cytokinin synthesis, playing a vital role in plant growth, development, and resistance to abiotic stress. Results Compared to the wild type, transgenic creeping bentgrass exhibited a slower growth rate, heightened drought tolerance, and improved shade tolerance attributed to delayed leaf senescence. Additionally, transgenic plants showed significant increases in antioxidant enzyme levels, chlorophyll content, and soluble sugars. Importantly, this study uncovered that overexpression of the MtIPT gene not only significantly enhanced cytokinin and auxin content but also influenced brassinosteroid level. RNA-seq analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between transgenic and wild type plants were closely associated with plant hormone signal transduction, steroid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, anthocyanin biosynthesis, oxidation-reduction process, cytokinin metabolism, and wax biosynthesis. And numerous DEGs related to growth, development, and stress tolerance were identified, including cytokinin signal transduction genes ( CRE1 , B-ARR ), antioxidase-related genes ( APX2 , PEX11 , PER1 ), Photosynthesis-related genes ( ATPF1A , PSBQ , PETF ), flavonoid synthesis genes ( F3H , C12RT1 , DFR ), wax synthesis gene ( MAH1 ), senescence-associated gene ( SAG20 ), among others. Conclusion These findings suggest that the MtIPT gene acts as a negative regulator of plant growth and development, while also playing a crucial role in the plant’s response to abiotic stress.

Background MYB transcription factors play a crucial regulatory role in plant growth and stress response. The gene EpMYB , obtained from Endocarpon pusillum , a dominant lichen in the Tengger Desert, was transferred to creeping bentgrass to explore its effects on plant growth and response to abiotic stress. Results Compared to wild-type (WT), transgenic (TG) plants exhibited a faster growth rate, a significantly higher number of leaves per tiller, increased internode length, and longer maximum leaf length. However, some of the leaves were severely twisted. Additionally, the antioxidant enzyme content, lignin content and drought tolerance of the TG plants was significantly enhanced. RNA-seq analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the TG-vs-WT were primarily associated with pathways such as photosynthesis, wax biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis. By comparing the TG (Drought treatment)-vs-TG and WT (Drought treatment)-vs-WT groups, numerous DEGs related to growth, development, and stress tolerance were identified, including aldehyde decarbonylase gene( CER1 ), lignin synthesis gene ( HCT ), adenylate dimethylallyltransferase gene ( IPT ), peroxin-10 gene ( PEX10 ), among others. These results suggest that the EpMYB gene enhances the drought tolerance of transgenic creeping bentgrass by regulating photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activity, lignin synthesis, wax synthesis, and lipid metabolism. Conclusion These findings suggest that the EpMYB gene functions as a positive regulator of plant growth and development, while also playing a crucial role in the plant’s response to drought stress. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the feasibility of selecting specific functional genes from stress-tolerant microorganisms and applying them to plants to enhance stress resistance.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a widely planted perennial legume forage plant with excellent quality and high yield. In production, it is very important to determine alfalfa growth dynamics and forage yield in a timely and accurate manner. This study focused on inverse algorithms for predicting alfalfa forage yield in large-scale alfalfa production. We carried out forage yield and aboveground biomass (AGB) field surveys at different times in 2022. The correlations among the reflectance of different satellite remote sensing bands, vegetation indices, and alfalfa forage yield/AGB were analyzed, additionally the suitable bands and vegetation indices for alfalfa forage yield inversion algorithms were screened, and the performance of the statistical models and machine learning (ML) algorithms for alfalfa forage yield inversion were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that (1) regarding different harvest times, the alfalfa forage yield inversion model for first-harvest alfalfa had relatively large differences in growth, and the simulation accuracy of the alfalfa forage yield inversion model was higher than that for the other harvest times, with the growth of the second- and third-harvest alfalfa being more homogeneous and the simulation accuracy of the forage yield inversion model being relatively low. (2) In the alfalfa forage yield inversion model based on a single parameter, the moisture-related vegetation indices, such as the global vegetation moisture index (GVMI), normalized difference water index (NDWI) and normalized difference infrared index (NDII), had higher coefficients of correlation with alfalfa forage yield/AGB, and the coefficients of correlation R2 values for the first-harvest alfalfa were greater than 0.50, with the NDWI correlation being the best with an R2 value of 0.60. (3) For the alfalfa forage yield inversion model constructed with vegetation indices and band reflectance as multiparameter variables, the random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) simulation accuracy was higher than that of the alfalfa forage yield inversion model based on a single parameter; the first-harvest alfalfa R2 values based on the multiparameter RF and SVM models were both 0.65, the root mean square errors (RMSEs) were 329.74 g/m2 and 332.32 g/m2, and the biases were −0.47 g/m2 and −2.24 g/m2, respectively. The vegetation indices related to plant water content can be considered using a single parameter inversion model for alfalfa forage yield, the vegetation indices and band reflectance can be considered using a multiparameter inversion model for alfalfa forage yield, and ML algorithms are also an optimal choice. The findings in this study can provide technical support for the effective and strategic production management of large-scale alfalfa.

Background Quinoa leaves demonstrate a diverse array of colors, offering a potential enhancement to landscape aesthetics and the development of leisure-oriented sightseeing agriculture in semi-arid regions. This study utilized integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to investigate the mechanisms underlying anthocyanin synthesis in both emerald green and pink quinoa leaves. Results Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses indicated that both flavonoid biosynthesis pathway (ko00941) and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway (ko00942) were significantly associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were analyzed between the two germplasms during different developmental periods. Ten DEGs were verified using qRT-PCR, and the results were consistent with those of the transcriptomic sequencing. The elevated expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase ( PAL ), chalcone synthase ( CHS ), 4-coumarate CoA ligase ( 4CL ) and Hydroxycinnamoyltransferase ( HCT ), as well as the reduced expression of flavanone 3-hydroxylase ( F3H ) and Flavonol synthase ( FLS ), likely cause pink leaf formation. In addition, bHLH14 , WRKY46 , and TGA indirectly affected the activities of CHS and 4CL , collectively regulating the levels of cyanidin 3-O-(3 ’’ , 6 ’’ -O-dimalonyl) glucoside and naringenin. The diminished expression of PAL , 4CL , and HCT decreased the formation of cyanidin-3-O-(6”-O-malonyl-2”-O-glucuronyl) glucoside, leading to the emergence of emerald green leaves. Moreover, the lowered expression of TGA and WRKY46 indirectly regulated 4CL activity, serving as another important factor in maintaining the emerald green hue in leaves N1, N2, and N3. Conclusion These findings establish a foundation for elucidating the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing anthocyanin biosynthesis in quinoa leaves, and also provide some theoretical basis for the development of leisure and sightseeing agriculture.