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Sugar beet is one of the important sugar crops in China, and drought has become the main constraint on the high-quality development of the sugar beet industry due to the regional factors such as lower precipitation, uneven seasonal distribution and limited water resources and so on. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) plays an important role in plant growth, development and abiotic stress response. However, there is still very limited information about the identification of HSP70s and drought resistance in sugar beet. In this study, bioinformatics was used to explore the HSP70s in sugar beet, and their gene structure, phylogenetic relationship, chromosome mapping, cis element distribution and expression under drought stress were analyzed. The results showed that a total of 28 BvHSP70 genes were identified, with sequence length ranges from 1551 bp to 3240 bp, which were distributed on 9 chromosomes of sugar beet. The number of amino acids encoding proteins are 516 ~ 1079, and the theoretical isoelectric point is between 4.98 and 9.33, most of which are acidic hydrophobic proteins, which are mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm. Collinearity analysis showed higher homology with rice and maize, and analysis of gene structure and protein conserved motif showed that it had different degrees of differentiation during the evolution of sugar beet. Analysis of cis-elements in the promoters revealed their association with growth and development, hormone response, and abiotic stress. RNA-seq and proteomics analysis showed that 20 genes of BvHSP70s responded to drought stress, and qRT-PCR validation confirmed that 10 of these genes were upregulated, and they were specifically expressed in roots, petioles and leaves of sugar beet, and more genes were expressed in roots. The results of this study lay a foundation for the subsequent in-depth analysis of the gene function of the BvHSP70 family in sugar beet, and also provided a theoretical basis for further exploring the response mechanism of beet under drought stress.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an important economic crop and a primary source of sugar in northern China, characterized by strong stress tolerance and high nutritional value. Microbial inoculants can promote crop growth by regulating soil enzyme activities, enriching dominant beneficial bacterial genera in rhizosphere soil, and improving the availability of soil nutrients. This study aimed to investigate the role of microbial inoculants in sugar beet production and their potential to replace chemical fertilizers and put forward the scientific hypothesis that microbial inoculants can increase soil nutrients and improve the soil microenvironment. A two-year field experiment was conducted: in 2022, treatments with different application rates of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma spp. inoculants were set up to screen the optimal inoculant and its dosage (M1); in 2023, based on this optimal inoculant (M1), treatments with reduced chemical fertilizer input were established to explore the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of sugar beet yield and quality. The results showed that the M1N2 (75 kg/ha fertilizer and 20% less nitrogen fertilizer) treatment significantly increased nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium agronomic use efficiencies by 91.48%, 51.94%, and 53.50%, respectively, compared with the control (CK). Soil urease, catalase, and sucrase activities were significantly enhanced by 14.57%, 66.84%, and 222.46%, respectively. The treatment also significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial genera such as JG30-KF-CM45 and KD4-96, while sugar beet yield was significantly increased by 5.53% relative to the CK. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of microbial inoculants and the reduction in chemical fertilizers in sugar beet production.

We study the scattering theory of solutions to the quasilinear wave equations with null conditions and small initial data in two dimensions. Based on the scattering profile that was described precisely in He–Liu–Wang (J. Differ. Equ. 269(4):3067–3088, 2020), we establish precise estimates for the difference of the solution and the scattering profile. Therefore, collecting the results in this paper and those in He–Liu–Wang (J. Differ. Equ. 269(4):3067–3088, 2020), we have given a basically systematic study on the long-time behavior of a small data solution to the 2D wave equation with null conditions.

Reaumuria trigyna , a wild and endangered salt-secreting small shrub, is distributed in arid and semi-arid areas of Inner Mongolia, China. An H + -pyrophosphatase gene ( RtVP1 ) was isolated from R . trigyna according to transcriptomic data, which encoded a plasma membrane and tonoplast-localized protein. RtVP1 was quickly upregulated by NaCl and exogenous abscisic acid treatment and rescued the sucrose deficiency sensitive phenotype of the AtVP1 mutant ( avp1 ). Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing RtVP1 exhibited a higher leaf area, plant height, fresh weight, root length, and soluble carbohydrate accumulation compared to the wild type (WT) under normal conditions. RtVP1 overexpression increased the seed germination rate and decreased the reduction rate of fresh weight, root length, and chlorophyll content in transgenic plants under salt stress. Catalase enzyme activity, proline content, relative water content, and soluble sugar content were significantly increased in transgenic Arabidopsis under salt stresses, but the malondialdehyde content was dramatically decreased. More K + and less Na + were accumulated in transgenic Arabidopsis leaves, resulting in a relatively lower Na + /K + ratio. In transgenic Arabidopsis roots, K + was unchanged, but Na + and the Na + /K + ratios were reduced compared to those in WT. More Na + and K + were accumulated in the intracellular of transgenic yeast, and the Na + /K + ratio was significantly reduced compared to the control. These results showed that R . trigyna RtVP1 promotes the vegetative growth of plants, mainly by regulating carbohydrate metabolism, and confers salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis by maintaining Na + /K + homeostasis and enhancing the antioxidant and osmotic regulatory capacity. These results indicated that RtVP1 can serve as an important candidate gene for genetic improvement of crop yield and salt tolerance.

Constitutive photomorpogenic dwarf ( CPD ) is a pivotal enzyme gene for brassinolide (BR) synthesis and plays an important role in plant growth, including increasing plant biomass and plant height, elongating cells, and promoting xylem differentiation. However, little is known about the function of the CPD gene in sugar beet. In the current study, we isolated CPD from Beta vulgaris L. ( BvCPD ), which encodes protein localized in the nucleus, cell membrane, and cell wall. BvCPD was strongly expressed in parenchyma cells and vascular bundles. The transgenic sugar beet overexpressing BvCPD exhibited larger diameter than that of the wild type (WT), which mainly owing to the increased number and size of parenchyma cells, the enlarged lumen and area of vessel in the xylem. Additionally, overexpression of BvCPD increased the synthesis of endogenous BR, causing changes in the content of endogenous auxin (IAA) and gibberellin (GA) and accumulation of cellulose and lignin in cambium 1–4 rings of the taproot. These results suggest that BvCPD can promote the biosynthesis of endogenous BR, improve cell wall components, promote the development of parenchyma cells and vascular bundle, thereby playing an important role in promoting the growth and development of sugar beet taproot.

In this paper, we establish the global existence of weak solutions to a semilinear thermoelastic system on a bounded domain in . Specifically, we assume that the nonlinear term in the momentum equation is defocusing energy critical. The proofs are based on the existence of the strong solutions of linear thermoelastic system and the method of energy estimates from wave equation.

BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT (BZR) transcription factors, key elements of brassinolide (BR) signal transduction, play an important role in regulating plant growth and development. However, little is known about the molecular regulatory mechanism of BZR in sugar beet taproot growth. In this study, BvBZR1 expression was significantly induced by exogenous BR treatment. Transgenic sugar beet overexpressing BvBZR1 exhibited a higher taproot diameter compared with the wild type, mainly due to a significant enhancement in the spacing between cambial rings by increasing the size and layers of parenchyma cells. BvBZR1 regulated the expression of BvCESA6 , BvXTH33 , BvFAD3 , and BvCEL1 and enhanced cell wall metabolism to promote sugar beet taproot growth in parenchyma cells and the development of each cambium ring. In addition, BvBZR1 overexpression significantly increased the accumulation of sucrose and soluble sugars in the taproot, which was attributed to its ability to regulate the expression of BvSPS and BvINV and improve the activity of BvSPS, BvSS-S, BvSS-C, and BvINV enzymes in each cambium ring and parenchyma cell in the sugar beet taproot. These results suggest that BvBZR1 can regulate the expression of genes related to cell wall and sucrose metabolism, improve corresponding enzyme activity, and promote the development of each cambium ring and parenchyma cell, thereby promoting the growth and development of sugar beet taproots.

NAC transcription factors form a plant-specific family essential for growth, development, and stress responses. NTLs, a subfamily of the NAC transcription factor family, belong to the membrane-bound transcription factors (MTFs). These proteins contain transmembrane domains that enable rapid nuclear translocation in response to environmental stimuli, thereby regulating target gene expression. As a major sugar crop, sugar beet is primarily cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions, where drought stress significantly impairs yield and quality, underscoring the urgent need to improve its drought tolerance. This study identified the NTL gene family in sugar beet and analyzed its gene structure, evolutionary relationships, cis-regulatory elements, drought-induced expression patterns, and BvNTL2’s role in drought resistance. The BvNTLs family comprises five members located on five distinct chromosomes. Their promoters harbor cis-regulatory elements related to ABA and drought stress, and their expression is drought-responsive. Under drought stress, BvNTL2 translocates to the nucleus, where its transmembrane domain is cleaved, resulting in its direct nuclear localization. Functional validation in Arabidopsis demonstrated that BvNTL2 overexpression enhances drought tolerance by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities and promoting the expression of ABA-related genes. This study highlights BvNTL2 as a promising candidate gene for the genetic improvement of drought-resistant sugar beet.

In this study, members of the BvDof transcription factor family were identified in the beet genome data ( Beta vulgaris L.) Through systematic analysis, 22 BvDof family genes were found in the beet genome, and they were divided into nine groups by phylogenetic analysis. Fifteen members of the BvERF family were involved in the transition to rapid root tuber growth. There was a tandem replication during the generation of the Dof gene family in sugar beet. Bv1_zfms , Bv_ofna , Bv5_racn , and Bv6_augo may be involved in the regulation of secondary cambium development in the beet root tuber. Bv9_nood , Bv1_zfms , and Bv6_cdca may be related to the growth rate of root tubers. The results provide a reference for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of the BvDof transcription factor, which regulates the development of beet root tubers.

Sugar beet is an important sugar crop, and its roots are mainly used for processing raw materials to produce products such as sugar, molasses, and saccharin, as well as being used as fodder for livestock. BvCPD, a key enzyme gene for brassinosteroid (BR) synthesis, regulates the development of parenchyma cells and vascular bundles by promoting BR synthesis, which promotes the expansion of the sugar beet taproot and influences the growth, development, and yield of sugar beets. This study investigated the impact of BvCPD on the physiological metabolism of sugar beet utilizing BvCPD overexpression, silent, and wild-type (WT) lines. BvCPD increased the chlorophyll content and maximum photochemical efficiency and improved the photosynthetic characteristics of sugar beet leaves. Simultaneously, BvCPD increased the rate of sugar beet taproot respiration and ATP content by enhancing the activities of phosphoglycerate kinase, alcohol dehydrogenase, sucrose synthase, and sucrose synthase catabolism. Moreover, BvCPD induced changes in the sugar fraction content, which increased the sugar yield of a single plant. In addition, BvCPD promoted water absorption, nitrogen accumulation, and lignin/cellulose synthesis activities, facilitated by increased activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, cellulose synthase, and protein serine/threonine phosphatases, providing the requisite energy and materials for sugar beet growth. These findings not only provide a new perspective for understanding the physiological mechanisms regulating the growth of sugar beets but also provide a theoretical basis for the future improvement of sugar beet varieties through molecular breeding techniques.