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This study proposes a robust cascaded hybrid control architecture combining the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) with Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Control (STSMC) to address the attitude stabilization problem of underactuated quadrotor UAVs. In this framework, the inner LQR loop ensures optimal stabilization, while the outer STSMC loops provide robust reference modification to compensate for uncertainties. To maximize the robustness of the proposed hybrid architecture, the parameters of the STSMC component were globally optimized using the Big Bang-Big Crunch (BB-BC) algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is rigorously evaluated on the Quanser 3-DOF Hover system model against two distinct benchmarks: the classical LQR and the optimization-based Model Predictive Control (MPC). Comprehensive simulation scenarios were conducted, including stochastic wind disturbances, time varying thrust coefficients, sudden payload release, and critical motor failure. Additionally, a virtual 3D spatial analysis based on kinematic reconstruction was performed to validate the positional stability of the rotor tips. The comparative results demonstrate that while the MPC controller exhibits a faster transient response compared to the classical LQR, it suffers from significant performance degradation under model mismatches. In contrast, the proposed LQR-STSMC consistently outperforms both benchmarks, achieving error metrics (ISE, IAE, and ITAE) orders of magnitude lower than the competitors. The findings confirm that the hybrid scheme offers superior fault tolerance, faster stabilization, and precise tracking capabilities, making it a highly reliable alternative for safety critical flight operations in uncertain environments.

Enterprises need to evaluate for themselves whether they are ready for Industry 4.0 to survive and develop in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Therefore, it is necessary to conceptualize or develop an Industry 4.0 readiness and maturity model with basic model dimensions. The present study aimed to review the maturity models available in the literature and to develop and implement a comprehensive maturity model that would eliminate the problems in the existing models. Most maturity models developed lack vital dimensions such as laws, incentives, and corporate culture. While developing the model, AHP and expert opinions were used to determine the dimension weights. The model was applied to 87 businesses in various industries at the Ankara Chamber of Industry Industrial Park in Turkey. The developed model calculates the maturity level of the enterprise for six dimensions. The data on 61 corporations where Industry 4.0 technologies were adopted were analyzed based on demographic variables such as the year of establishment, industry, size, capital, and turnover. These findings demonstrated that Industry 4.0 was introduced recently in Turkey and businesses are required to take further steps to keep up with the global digital transformation. Since the number of industries and corporations that are aware of the Industry 4.0 technologies is limited in Ankara, Turkey, only a few businesses adopted the Industry 4.0 technologies. This developed model will make an important contribution to the literature with its unique dimensions. It would pave the way for further research in various industries in Turkey and other nations where Industry 4.0 investments are new.

In the present study, an irrigation system with an adaptive control system and powered by solar photovoltaic panels was designed and implemented. The control circuit, which was produced by using dsPIC, performed the online processing of the data received from current-voltage sensors and liquid level measurements. Different from the other studies in the literature, in this study, the source from which the irrigation system is fed was determined based on the power produced by the panel. If the power produced by the panel was lower than the determined power value, the system was fed from the battery, if higher, directly from the panel. With this developed algorithm, it was aimed to keep the tank full and to extend the expected life of the battery in terms of the number of charges-discharges through preventing the unnecessary discharge of the battery at times when water was needed. As the result of this study, the system was operated at an optimum level without requiring any energy other than the photovoltaic panel.

Aims To evaluate the diagnostic significance of the novel index combining preoperative haemoglobin, albumin levels, lymphocyte and platelet counts (HALP) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Methods Between 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2018 at the Hitit University Erol Olçok Education and Research Hospital 225 patients who had undergone transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy or prostate surgery were analysed retrospectively. A total of patients, 155 had benign prostate hyperplasia (group 1) and 70 had PCa (group 2). The preoperative serum levels of haemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte counts and platelet counts were recorded. The HALP scores and the sub‐parameters of this index for each of the two groups were compared. Results The total Prostate‐Specific Antigen (PSA), albumin and lymphocyte differences between the groups were statistically significant (P = 0.0002, P = 0.0001, P = 0.005). The median value of HALP scores in Group 1 and 2 were 49.43 and 51.2, respectively, and this was not statistically significant between groups (P =0 .737). The HALP score had the least Area Under Curve (AUC) value compared with the others (0.514). The AUC of Albumin was larger than PSA for diagnostic efficacy in PCa patients (0.696‐0.656). However, albumin levels were statistically significant compared with platelet count and the HALP score (P = 0.0033, P = 0.0068), except PSA and lymphocyte (P = 0.4580, P =0 .1717). Conclusion Further prospective clinical studies that include more patients from multiple centres are needed to show the diagnostic role of the HALP score and its compounds on the patients with PCa.

Introduction Primary nocturnal enuresis is the most frequent urinary system complaint among pediatric patients.  Material and Methods Data compiled from 5,500 children, aged between five to 16 years, diagnosed with enuresis during the period from January 2010 to December 2015 were analyzed. The inclusion criteria were having a diagnosis of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis, a birth date known for certain, and complete family history taken. A total of 3,547 children met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. The study was performed by retrospective analyses.  Results Analysis of the results revealed a statistically significant difference among the rates of enuresis with respect to months and seasons (p < 0.001). In our study, we retrospectively reevaluated 3,500 patients for their birth dates and determined a statistically significant difference in the rates of nocturnal enuresis with respect to seasons (p < 0.001).  Conclusion As a result of this study, we determined that monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in children is more frequent, particularly in those born during the summer months.

[LANGUAGE= \"English\"] INTRODUCTION: To compare the effectiveness of tadalafil alone and in combination with dapoxetine in patients with premature ejaculation.METHODS: In this study, 120 patients treated at the urology clinic for premature ejaculation were evaluated prospectively. IELT and IIEF forms of patients were filled before this study, and their urological examinations were performed. Patients that were being treated were divided into two groups. Patients in group 1 received only 5 mg tadalafil, whereas patients in group 2 received a combination of dapoxetine 30 mg and tadalafil 5 mg.RESULTS: After the treatment, group 1 mean IEFF scores were 25.12±2.49, and mean IELT scores were 7.35±4.37 seconds. There was a statistically significant increase in both parameters (p<0.001). After the treatment, group 2 mean IEFF scores were 27.37±2.46, and mean IELT scores were 9.07±4.20 seconds. There was a statistically significant increase in both parameters (p<0.001).DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Use of dapoxetine in combination with tadalafil instead of using tadalafil alone in the treatment of premature ejaculation will increase treatment success.[LANGUAGE= \"Turkish\"] GİRİŞ ve AMAÇ: Prematüre ejakülasyonlu hastalarda tek başına tadalafil ve dapoksetinle olan kombinasyonunun etkinliğinin karşılaştırmak.YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Prematüre ejakülasyon için üroloji kliniğinde tedavi edilen 120 hasta prospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Hastaların IELT ve IIEF formları çalışmadan önce dolduruldu ve ürolojik muayeneleri yapıldı. Tedavi edilen hastalar 2 gruba ayrıldı. Grup 1'deki hastalar sadece 5 mg tadalafil aldı, grup 2'deki hastalar ise 30 mg dapoxetine ve 5 mg tadalafil kombinasyonunu aldı.BULGULAR: Tedaviden sonra, grup 1 IEFF skorları 25.12 ± 2.49 ve ortalama IELT skorları 7.35 ± 4.37 saniye idi. Her iki parametrede de istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir artış vardı (p <0.001). Tedaviden sonra, grup 2 IEFF skorları 27.37 ± 2.46 ve ortalama IELT skorları 9.07 ± 4.20 saniye idi. Her iki parametrede de istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir artış vardı (p <0.001).TARTIŞMA ve SONUÇ: Erken boşalmanın tedavisinde Tadalafilin tek başına kullanılması yerine dapoksetinle kombine kullanılması tedavi başarısını arttıracaktır.