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This present research aimed to investigate the novel applications of synthesized La doped CuFe 2 O 4 nanomaterial (LCF NMs) using renewable bio-fuel ( Aegle Marmelos extract ) by combustion process. The sensor applications were accomplished by modified electrode using LCF NMs with graphite powder and examined its excellent sensing action towards heavy metal (Lead content) and drug chemical (Paracetamol) substances. The thermodynamics of redox potential and super-capacitor behavior of LCF NMs were investigated through Cyclic Voltametric (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectral (EIS) methods under specific conditions at scan rate of 1 to 5 mV/s. The heterogeneous photo-catalytic process of prepared NMs on Fast orange Red (FOR) dye-decolouration was investigated and noted its excellent degradation (91.7%) at 90 min using 20 ppm of dye solution and 40 mg of synthesized samples under Sun-light irradiation. Further, the antibacterial activity of synthesized NMs is investigated against various strains of gram positive ( Bacillus subtillis ) and gram negative bacteria ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa ), which confirms that the LCF NMs have higher activity towards gram positive bacteria with an average inhibition zone of 19 mm. This synthesized LCF NMs is a multi-functional material with stable and eco-friendly materials.

The sensitivity of developed electrode has gained significant attention for potential energy storage and electrochemical sensor activities. The modified nano-CdO/Ag-CdO-carbon paste electrodes were developed for electrochemical detection of mercury (Hg + ) heavy metal. The synthesized samples were well characterized through PXRD (Powder X-ray diffraction), SEM-EDAX (Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis), XPS (X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy), FT-IR (Fourier transform Infra-Red), and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The Ag-CdO modified electrode endowed with higher sensing current and Csp (188 F/g) than pure CdO NPs (94.6 F/g) measured by Linear Sweep (LS), Cyclic Voltammetric (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectral (EIS) techniques. The excellent electrochemical sensing action of developed Ag-CdO electrode was examined on heavy metal Hg + ions at 1–5 mM scan rate in 0.1 M KCl. The linear relationship of sensing measurements with smaller concentration (1–5 mM) was observed with its increased current (+ 1.64 × 10 –4 A/cm 2 at 1 mM) at 30 mV/s. LOD of CdO and Ag-CdO electrodes (Hg +   Oxid ) were found at 1.91 mM & 2.41 mM (Hg +   Red ) respectively with maximum sensitivity at -0.006 V. LOQ of CdO and Ag-CdO electrodes (Hg +   Oxid ) were 5.78 mM & 6.98 mM respectively with maximum sensitivity at -0.006 V. The antibacterial measurements of prepared samples were examined for their susceptibility to inhibit the growth of gram-negative ( Escherichia coli) and gram-positive ( Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Thus, the synthesized Ag-CdO electrode provides a new insight for determining the concentrations of critical pollutants and processing the various nanoparticles for sensing of cyanogenic heavy metals.

The fabrication of spinel-NiFe 2 O 4 nanomaterial (NF NM) was achieved by a facile one-pot Mint (Pudina) powder assisted combustion method. The structural measurements of NF NM were consistently investigated by various advanced technologies; X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows the spinel-cubic phase formation and grain size of crystalline NF ( d  = 17.5 nm) nanoparticle. The surface morphological and stoichiometric elemental compositions of NF NM were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX) techniques. The optical measurements of NF-semiconductor photocatalyst reveal the low band-gap ( Eg ) value of 2.73 eV recorded by UV–visible absorbance technique monitored from Kubelka–Monk approach. It is well suited for excellent photocatalytic activity on Malachite Green (MG) dye degradation and achieved its high degradation efficiency, which was ascertained to be 89.8% at 135 min under UV-light irradiation. The electrochemical redox properties of synthesized nanoparticle were effectively performed by cyclic voltammetric (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectral (EIS) process in 0.1 M KCl. The CV plot of NF-graphite electrode shows an excellent sensing activity for every addition of ascorbic acid found at reduction area (− 0.41, 0.26 and 0.71 V) and oxidation peaks (− 0.1 and 0.5 V) recorded between + 1.0 and − 0.7 V at 30 mV/s. The resulted output directs an excellent capacitance and electrochemical-sensing action of modified NF-graphite electrode on ascorbic acid chemical at different scan rates of 0.01–0.05 V/s. This investigation supports new insights into the electrochemical sensing actions of various nanoparticles on various drug molecules and toxic pollutants.

The study of research proposes a systematic pattern for optimization and fabrication of a sustainable-cost effective electrochemical sensor made by Bi-CdFe 2 O 4 (BCDF) nanoparticle and graphite powder. The structural examinations of synthesized BCDF materials were analyzed by specific spectral techniques viz.; P-XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM, XPS, FT-IR and DRS techniques. The modified sensor electrode offer a significant electrochemical properties that can improve the material selectivity and sensitivity actions measured by Cyclic Voltammetric (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectral (EIS) plots. We demonstrated a developed highly-purity BCDF-graphite paste electrode for sensing actions on Paracetamol and Lead (Pb 2+ ) ions under 0.1 M KCl. The excellent sensing activity towards Lead ions and Paracetamol confirmed by its redox potential peaks at scan rate of 1–5 V/s with maximum sensitivity of -0.61 V and 0.69 V respectively. The excellent photo-dye-degradation action of BCDF (98.2%) than those of host CDF (81.6%) on Rose Bengal (RB) dye was demonstrated. Its kinetic study reveals that this process follows first order kinetics and rate constants of the host (18.1 × 10 −3 min −1 ) and BCDF (39.2 × 10 −3 min −1 ) were measured. Thus, the synthesized BCDF electrode provides a new perception for developing specific nano-sensor towards detection of toxic metals.

Electrochromic (EC) technology is increasingly recognized for its potential to improve energy efficiency, particularly through smart windows that modulate transparency to reduce reliance on artificial lighting and air conditioning. While EC devices generally require low external voltages to switch between colored and bleached states, further advancements are still needed to reduce energy consumption and achieve more efficient, sustainable performance. A promising solution lies in integrating EC materials with energy storage systems, offering a dual-purpose approach that enables light modulation and energy storage functionality. Numerous studies have explored zinc (Zn)-based EC energy storage devices, owing to their high theoretical specific capacity, environmental compatibility, and the abundance of zinc metal. However, the performance of Zn 2+ -based electrolytes is often constrained by large hydrated ion sizes and a limited electrochemical stability window. To address these limitations, this study focused on investigating water-in-bisalt (WiBS) electrolytes with varying Zn 2+ /Al 3+ electrolyte composition to enhance both energy storage capability and EC functionality. Additionally, tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) was selected as the EC material due to its proven coloration efficiency, optical modulation, and cyclic stability. Deduced from the measurement, the 10 M Zn + 3 M Al electrolyte was identified as the optimal formulation, enabling the WO 3 energy storage device to achieve an outstanding energy storage capacity of 146 mAh/m 2 , excellent optical contrast (80.5%), high coloration efficiency (35.3 cm 2 /C), and excellent cyclic stability of 75% after 1000 cycles. This research highlights the potential of advanced WiBS electrolytes in EC energy storage technologies, paving the way for applications in energy storage integrated smart windows and real-time energy indicators.

Solution combustion was employed to create a series of ZrO2:Dy3+ (1-11 mol percent) nanoparticles (NPs) using oxalyl dihydrazide (ODH) as the fuel. ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs were subjected to calcination at about 700°C. ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs comprised of 1 to 11 mol% of Dy3+ were characterized by employing the X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopic (TEM), UV-visible, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) techniques. The crystallite diameters of 1 to 11 mol% ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs were observed to range from 8.1 nm to 16.3 nm, exhibiting spherical shape. According to BET tests, the pore volume of ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs was determined to be 100.129 cm3/g. The mean pore diameter of ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs was determined to be 4.803 nm from the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) plot. The photoluminescence and photocatalytic dye degradation properties of ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs were investigated. The acid red 88 (AR88) dye was applied to appraise the photocatalytic activities of the NPs under UV irradiation. ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs with 3 mol% Dy3+ exhibited improvised photocatalytic activity due to the operative departure of charge carriers. The electrochemical examination of ZrO2:Dy3+ NP modified carbon paste electrode in 0.1 N HCl demonstrated considerable redox potential output, as evidenced by cyclic voltammetric and amperometric measurements. The electrochemical sensor studies on ZrO2:Dy3+ NPs exhibited potentiality towards sensing of highly toxic metals like mercury and lead.

Today, due to industrialization and urbanization, the world is facing serious water shortage and environmental alarms. The reusability of polluted water could be a promising approach for the sustainable wastewater management strategy. In the view, the present work compiles the synthesis of zinc ferrite (ZnFe 2 O 4 ) nanoparticles by a simple, economic, and eco-friendly route. The investigation of structural properties, thermal properties, and optical properties was carried out successfully by standard characterization techniques. The X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the spinel-cubic lattice with Fd-3m space group for all the samples. The presence of vibrational frequency modes of Zn–O and Fe–O was ensured by FTIR spectra. The nano-size, morphology, atomic percentage, and some agglomeration of the nanoparticles were revealed by SEM–EDX and TEM images. The bandgap values were calculated from UV–Visible analysis data, and found to be 2.36 eV. The distribution of pore size by BJH method and BET surface area was evaluated by Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, and is found to be 19.74 m 2 /g. The thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis affirmed percentage of weight loss and phase formation. The photocatalytic activity of methylene blue was evaluated under visible light and the removal efficiency of 96% and nano-catalyst shows active reusability. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used for the study of electrochemical properties of nanoparticles. Further, the antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles was investigated using Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and some selected fungi strains. The obtained results revealed that the newly synthesized ZnFe 2 O 4 can act as potential photocatalyst, electrochemical sensor, and antimicrobial agent.

The aimed research centered on examination of relative activities for cadmium ferrite nanoparticles (CDF-NPs) synthesized by Bio (Tulasi) and Chemical (Urea) -assisted combustion approach. The structural factors of prepared CDF-NPs were measured from major spectral techniques viz XRD, SEM–EDX, FT-IR, etc. X-ray diffraction investigation displays a spinel-cubic phases with crystalline behavior of CDF-NPs, and its average crystallite sizes for U-CDF and T-CDF routes were found to be 38 and 19.4 nm, respectively. The photocatalysts having energy bandgap (Eg) values of 2.64 & 3.19 eV for Tulasi and Urea-mediated CDF-NPs respectively are recorded by UV–Visible absorbance technique monitored from Kubelka–Monk approach. These characterized samples are well suited for photocatalytic action on Rose Bengal (RB) dye degradation, and its degradation efficiencies were observed to be 86.3 and 97.8% at 90 min of synthesized Urea-CDF and Tulasi-CDF photocatalyst respectively on Rose Bengal (RB) dye (40 ppm) by the impact of UV-light. Electrochemical behavior of achieved samples were effectively examined by cyclic voltammeric and electrochemical impedance methods in 1 M KCl. Further, the excellent sensor performance on lead nitrate and paracetamol drug molecules was examined using a prepared CDF NPs-carbon paste electrode at various concentrations of 1–5 mM in 1 M KCl. Tulasi-CDF electrode shows high current density for additional oxidation potential peak appears at 0.01 V and reduction potential peaks at − 0.425 V than those of Urea-CDF electrode. These analysis were revealed that Tulasi-CDF NPs are effective and promising material than those of Urea-CDF for electrochemical sensor and photocatalytic studies.

The significant characteristics of Mo (1–x) Zr x O 3 nanoparticles (ZMO NPs) make it a potential candidate for assisting excellent electrochemical sensing (Lead and Paracetamol molecules) actions based on the development of modified ZMO NPs. The electrochemical measurements for investigating capacitance and resistance of modified graphite-ZMO NPs electrode under three-electrode system using 0.1 M HCl in the different scan rates of 0.01–0.05 V/s by cyclic-voltammetric (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) analysis. The different mole ratios of Zr 2+ -doped Mo x O 3 nanoparticles (x = 3, 5, 7 and 9 mol %) were successfully developed by bio-mediated ( Aegle Marmelos leaves ) combustion process. The structural measurements of ensuing nanomaterials were systematically characterized through different advanced technologies. The physico-chemical property supports an excellent photocatalytic performance on Bromophenol Blue (BPB) textile industrial dye under irradiation of UV light. The maximum photocatalytic performance of Zr-MoO 3 (7 mol) nanoparticle was recorded (98.7%) on BPB dye than those of host MoO 3 nanoparticle (88.8%) at 105 min, which is supported by its lower kinetic constants 13.1 × 10 −3  min −1 . Also, the antibacterial activity of synthesized samples were tested against three different bacteria viz; Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , and Bacillus cereus by disk-diffusion method. This investigation supports new insights into the electrochemical sensing actions of various nanoparticles on various drug molecules and toxic pollutants.

Heterojunction nanocomposite based strategies provide proven technology in photo catalysis and inactivating bacteria. This article presents a Green mediated combustion process to generate CuO, Cu 2 O, and metallic Cu (3C) along with doping them with Zirconia. The crystallinity, purity and phase formation of the prepared compounds and the effect of doping were characterized using diffraction peaks of the Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals visible agglomeration in the morphology in case of all the compounds and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed the doping of Zirconia to be in the form of Zr 2+ and Zr 4+ ions. The band gap energy of the nanoparticles 3C (2.0 eV) and Zr-3C (1.8 eV) decreases, as seen by the UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, demonstrating the dopant Zr increases the degradation process by trapping electrons and holes, which prevents the recombination of e–h + pairs. This illustrates Zr-3C efficiency over 3C as a photocatalyst when exposed to UV- light. The photocatalytic performance of Zr-3C on Rhodamine B (RhB) dye was confirmed by the obtained results. Under 105 min of UV-light exposure, the degradation was determined to be 96.5% and 82.5% for Zr-3C and 3C nanoparticles respectively. Under the dark condition the degradation was ~ 10%. Additionally, the degradation rates obtained for the host 3C and Zr-3C are (K = 0.0216 min −1 ) and K = 0.03367 min −1 respectively. The scavenger study revealed that without adding scavengers 96.2% degradation observed. But degradation was only 60% and 20% after the addition of ammonium oxalate and isopropanol, which proves that holes and hydroxyl radicals were primarily the active species responsible. In addition, the supercapacitor nature of the Zr-3C nanocomposite is confirmed by its significant specific capacitance (87.4 F/g) in cyclic voltamogram analysis and charge discharge experiments with a durability of 1600 cycles. Furthermore, the exceptional antibacterial properties of 3C and Zr-3C nanoparticles were examined against S. aureus and E. coli. Zr-3C samples exhibit increased activity of 18 mm and 17 mm diameter zone of inhibition with increase in concentration against strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria respectively when compared to host 3C nanoparticle.