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Background The unprecedented drought and frequent occurrence of pathogen infection in rice is becoming more due to climate change. Simultaneous occurrence of stresses lead to more crop loss. To cope up multiple stresses, the durable resistant cultivars needs to be developed, by identifying relevant genes from combined biotic and abiotic stress exposed plants. Results We studied the effect of drought stress, bacterial leaf blight disease causing Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) pathogen infection and combined stress in contrasting BPT5204 and TN1 rice genotypes. Mild drought stress increased Xoo infection irrespective of the genotype. To identify relevant genes that could be used to develop multi-stress tolerant rice, RNA sequencing from individual drought, pathogen and combined stresses in contrasting genotypes has been developed. Many important genes are identified from resistant genotype and diverse group of genes are differentially expressed in contrasting genotypes under combined stress. Further, a meta-analysis from individual drought and Xoo pathogen stress from public domain data sets narrowed- down candidate differentially expressed genes. Many translation associated genes are differentially expressed suggesting their extra-ribosomal function in multi-stress adaptation. Overexpression of many of these genes showed their relevance in improving stress tolerance in rice by different scientific groups. In combined stress, many downregulated genes also showed their relevance in stress adaptation when they were over-expressed. Conclusions Our study identifies many important genes, which can be used as molecular markers and targets for genetic manipulation to develop durable resistant rice cultivars. Strategies should be developed to activate downregulated genes, to improve multi-stress tolerance in plants.

We report here the genome-wide changes resulting from low N (N-W+), low water (N+W-)) and dual stresses (N-W-) in root and shoot tissues of two rice genotypes, namely, IR 64 (IR64) and Nagina 22 (N22), and their association with the QTLs for nitrogen use efficiency. For all the root parameters, except for root length under N-W+, N22 performed better than IR64. Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid content were higher in IR64 under N+W+ treatment and N-W+ and N+W- stresses; however, under dual stress, N22 had higher chlorophyll b content. While nitrite reductase, glutamate synthase (GS) and citrate synthase assays showed better specific activity in IR64, glutamate dehydrogenase showed better specific activity in N22 under dual stress (N-W-); the other N and C assimilating enzymes showed similar but low specific activities in both the genotypes. A total of 8926 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified compared to optimal (N+W+) condition from across all treatments. While 1174, 698 and 903 DEGs in IR64 roots and 1197, 187 and 781 in N22 roots were identified, nearly double the number of DEGs were found in the shoot tissues; 3357, 1006 and 4005 in IR64 and 4004, 990 and 2143 in N22, under N-W+, N+W- and N-W- treatments, respectively. IR64 and N22 showed differential expression in 15 and 11 N-transporter genes respectively, under one or more stress treatments, out of which four showed differential expression also in N+W- condition. The negative regulators of N- stress, e.g., NIGT1, OsACTPK1 and OsBT were downregulated in IR64 while in N22, OsBT was not downregulated. Overall, N22 performed better under dual stress conditions owing to its better root architecture, chlorophyll and porphyrin synthesis and oxidative stress management. We identified 12 QTLs for seed and straw N content using 253 recombinant inbred lines derived from IR64 and N22 and a 5K SNP array. The QTL hotspot region on chromosome 6 comprised of 61 genes, of which, five were DEGs encoding for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, serine threonine kinase, anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase, and nitrate induced proteins. The DEGs, QTLs and candidate genes reported in this study can serve as a major resource for both rice improvement and functional biology.

Cloud storage has become an essential computational model today, providing flexible, defective resistant resources and dramatically reducing costs. However, there are major obstacles to protection issues in the wider adoption market. The multiformity of the cloud and the multi-location storing of data exacerbate these problems. The major issues to be discussed in protection are secrecy, authenticity, honesty, availability and auditability. Enabling more customers to switch to the cloud environment would allow for safe data and transfers from the service provider. Intrusion Detection Mechanisms, Cryptographic Methodology and Electronic Forensic Software are some of the assurance that a trustful service provider will have for the recuperation and collection of digital proof of intrusion activities. This paper provides a survey into some of the prevalent challenges, risks and ways to resolve these challenges in cloud platforms. We also discussed major cloud storage service for data storage and protection model.

Background Genome-wide microarray has enabled development of robust databases for functional genomics studies in rice. However, such databases do not directly cater to the needs of breeders. Here, we have attempted to develop a web interface which combines the information from functional genomic studies across different genetic backgrounds with DNA markers so that they can be readily deployed in crop improvement. In the current version of the database, we have included drought and salinity stress studies since these two are the major abiotic stresses in rice. Results RiceMetaSys, a user-friendly and freely available web interface provides comprehensive information on salt responsive genes (SRGs) and drought responsive genes (DRGs) across genotypes, crop development stages and tissues, identified from multiple microarray datasets. ‘Physical position search’ is an attractive tool for those using QTL based approach for dissecting tolerance to salt and drought stress since it can provide the list of SRGs and DRGs in any physical interval. To identify robust candidate genes for use in crop improvement, the ‘common genes across varieties’ search tool is useful. Graphical visualization of expression profiles across genes and rice genotypes has been enabled to facilitate the user and to make the comparisons more impactful. Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) search in the SRGs and DRGs is a valuable tool for fine mapping and marker assisted selection since it provides primers for survey of polymorphism. An external link to intron specific markers is also provided for this purpose. Bulk retrieval of data without any limit has been enabled in case of locus and SSR search. Conclusions The aim of this database is to facilitate users with a simple and straight-forward search options for identification of robust candidate genes from among thousands of SRGs and DRGs so as to facilitate linking variation in expression profiles to variation in phenotype. Database URL: http://14.139.229.201

Lanthanum titanate (La 2 Ti 2 O 7 ) with perovskite-like layered structure is a candidate material for high temperature sensor application due to its high curie temperature ( T c  = 1461 °C) and linearity of temperature vs. electrical resistance. La 2 Ti 2 O 7 (LTO) was synthesized by solid state reaction using constituent powders at 1250 °C for 2 h. The LTO samples prepared in the form of circular pellets were sintered in temperature ranges (1350 to 1400 °C for 2 h). The sintered density was found highest at 1400 °C for LTO samples (> 97.24% Th.). Moreover, the sintered LTO samples were characterized for their ferroelectric properties as well as DC electrical resistivity ( ρ ) measured in the temperature range of 100 to 900 °C. The electrical resistivity was decreased from 10 13 to 10 6 Ω cm linearly with the increase in temperature from 100 to 900 °C. Hence, LTO is a promising sensor material for high temperature applications.

There are a variety of uses for metal matrix composites (MMC), including the aerospace and automotive industries. Because of their benefits including light weight and inexpensive cost, they are popular. Wire cut electric discharge machining (WEDM) stands out as a great option for creating complex or complicated shapes out of composite materials, especially when compared to other common non-traditional machining processes. An AA6070 metal matrix composite containing 5% and 10% MgO weight fraction (wt) was made using the stir casting method in this work. Various process factors, such as wire tension (WT), dielectric pressure (Pd), gap voltage (Vg) and peak current (IP) are taken into account when the AMMC specimen is machined utilising WEDM. Slot machining rate (MR) and surface roughness (Ra) can be measured and assessed using L18 mixed Orthogonal Array (OA) investigations. Experiments are examined using TOPSIS and ANOVA methodologies for order preference based on similarity to the ideal results (ANOVA). Analysis has shown that the best mixture of processing factors for improved MR and Ra: wt = 5%, vg = 50 V, WT = 13 g, Ip = 9 A, and Pd = 15 bar. Machining Rate and Ra have ideal process parameters of 1.5 mm/min and 3.648 m. ANOVA shows that MR and Ra are significantly influenced by peak current.

The Indian initiative, in creating mutant resources for the functional genomics in rice, has been instrumental in the development of 87,000 ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS)-induced mutants, of which 7,000 are in advanced generations. The mutants have been created in the background of Nagina 22, a popular drought- and heat-tolerant upland cultivar. As it is a pregreen revolution cultivar, as many as 573 dwarf mutants identified from this resource could be useful as an alternate source of dwarfing. A total of 541 mutants, including the macromutants and the trait-specific ones, obtained after appropriate screening, are being maintained in the mutant garden. Here, we report on the detailed characterizations of the 541 mutants based on the distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) descriptors at two different locations. About 90% of the mutants were found to be similar to the wild type (WT) with high similarity index (>0.6) at both the locations. All 541 mutants were characterized for chlorophyll and epicuticular wax contents, while a subset of 84 mutants were characterized for their ionomes, namely, phosphorous, silicon, and chloride contents. Genotyping of these mutants with 54 genomewide simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers revealed 93% of the mutants to be either completely identical to WT or nearly identical with just one polymorphic locus. Whole genome resequencing (WGS) of four mutants, which have minimal differences in the SSR fingerprint pattern and DUS characters from the WT, revealed a staggeringly high number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on an average (16,453 per mutant) in the genic sequences. Of these, nearly 50% of the SNPs led to non-synonymous codons, while 30% resulted in synonymous codons. The number of insertions and deletions (InDels) varied from 898 to 2,595, with more than 80% of them being 1-2 bp long. Such a high number of SNPs could pose a serious challenge in identifying gene(s) governing the mutant phenotype by next generation sequencing-based mapping approaches such as Mutmap. From the WGS data of the WT and the mutants, we developed a genic resource of the WT with a novel analysis pipeline. The entire information about this resource along with the panicle architecture of the 493 mutants is made available in a mutant database EMS N22 (http://14.139.229.201/EMSgardeN22).

Background: Dengue fever is an important tropical infection causing significant mortality. The pathophysiology of hematological abnormalities in dengue remains poorly studied. In this study, we analyzed the hematological abnormalities by thromboelastography (TEG). Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated complicated dengue patients with TEG. Thromboelastographic variables were categorized into six patterns: factor deficiency, platelet dysfunction, enzymatic hypercoagulability, combined enzymatic and platelet hypercoagulability, primary fibrinolysis, and secondary hyperfibrinolysis. Results: Twenty-five patients were analyzed for coagulation abnormalities by TEG. Coagulation factor deficiency pattern was noted in 11 patients (44%) whereas 3 patients (12%) were found to have low fibrinogen level pattern. Low platelet function was noted in 4 (16%) patients. Enzymatic hypercoagulability and combined enzymatic and platelet hypercoagulability were noted in one patient each (4.5%). Secondary fibrinolysis was noted in 1 patient (5%) and primary fibrinolysis in 3 (15.8%) patients. Factor deficiency pattern and low fibrinogen pattern were not significantly associated with hepatitis (P > 0.05). Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was not found to be significantly associated with factor deficiency pattern (P = 0.10) and low fibrinogen pattern (P = 0.20). Platelet count was not found to be significantly associated with platelet function (P = 0.54). Conclusion: Factor deficiency pattern was the major abnormality noted in dengue patients followed by platelet dysfunction and primary fibrinolysis. Platelet count did not show significant association with platelet function. aPTT did not show significant association with factor deficiency and low fibrinogen patterns. Factor deficiency pattern and low fibrinogen pattern did not show significant association with hepatitis.

One of the foremost decease causes in the world is the Liver Cancer. Using practical radiology the liver lesions can be determined with accurate dramatization, due to the hurt caused by wound or disease, those ranges of tissues are damaged the body are liver lesions Those anomalous tissues which are found in the liver are referred as liver lesions. These damaged regions having different intensities of pixel can be recognized by differentiating it from other regions, in the CT scan. The most prohibitive, difficult and time-consuming task is physical cleavage of this CT scan in proper clinical treatment. On the other hand, automatic segmentation is identical challenging task, due to several factors, including liver stretch over 150 slices in a CT image, having small ferocity conflict between lesions and other nearby similar tissues and indefinite shape of the lesions is to detected An important prerequisite task before any surgical intervention is liver tumors segmentation. This paper reviews a variety of liver tumor detection algorithms and methodologies used for liver tumor analysis. The proposed deep learning approach such as Probabilistic neural network is proposed to detect the liver tumor and diagnose with the experimental results and it is compared with different methodologies.