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This article presents the results of the Asia Pacific Metrology Programme (APMP) pilot comparison on high transmittance haze (TH), specifically TH >40 %. Various methods, including ASTM D1003, ISO 14782, the double beam method, and the double compensation method were employed. The results revealed that ASTM D1003 is still influenced by failure to compensate for sphere throughput, even in high TH artefacts. In contrast, the other methods exhibit good consistency, as expected. This article also analyses the total transmittance (TT) and diffuse transmittance (DT) obtained using the double compensation method, theoretically capable of determining accurate TT, DT, and TH, discussing the possibility of inconsistency in the reflectance between the sphere wall and the white plate affecting the agreement.

Usnic acid is chemical compound commonly found in lichen. These derivatives compounds both from the synthesis and from the isolation of various lichens have been studied as antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, and anticancer. Usnat acid derivative with not hydroxyl group on carbon C-3 was isolated from lichen usnea sp. taken from the Sinjaiselatan described in this paper. Its bioactivity against Arthemia Salina Leach. LC50 value of 19.49 μg/mL.

The ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Piper nigrum L and Coffea canephora were evaluated for their wound healing activity in rats. Wound healing activity was studied using excision wound models in rats following topical application. Animals were divided into eight groups with three in each group. Ten Percent w/v extract of each plant was prepared in gel CMC-Na for topical application. Piper nigrum L possesses better wound healing activity than Coffea canephora.