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Revisiting the Physicochemical Properties and Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents
Recently, deep eutectic solvent (DES) or ionic liquid (IL) analogues have been considered as the newest green solvent, demonstrating the potential to replace harsh volatile organic solvents. DESs are mainly a combination of two compounds: hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD), which have the ability to interact through extensive hydrogen bonds. A thorough understanding of their physicochemical properties is essential, given their successful applications on an industrial scale. The appropriate blend of HBA to HBD can easily fine-tune DES properties for desired applications. In this context, we have reviewed the basic information related to DESs, the two most studied physicochemical properties (density and viscosity), and their performance as a solvent in (i) drug delivery and (ii) extraction of biomolecules. A broader approach of various factors affecting their performance has been considered, giving a detailed picture of the current status of DESs in research and development.
Journal Article
Emerging role of phospholipase C mediated lipid signaling in abiotic stress tolerance and development in plants
Environmental stimuli are primarily perceived at the plasma membrane. Stimuli perception leads to membrane disintegration and generation of molecules which trigger lipid signaling. In plants, lipid signaling regulates important biological functions however, the molecular mechanism involved is unclear. Phospholipases C (PLCs) are important lipid-modifying enzymes in eukaryotes. In animals, PLCs by hydrolyzing phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] generate diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol- 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). However, in plants their phosphorylated variants i.e., phosphatidic acid (PA) and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) are proposed to mediate lipid signaling. Specific substrate preferences divide PLCs into phosphatidylinositol–PLC (PI–PLC) and non-specific PLCs (NPC). PLC activity is regulated by various cellular factors including, calcium (Ca2+) concentration, phospholipid substrate, and post-translational modifications. Both PI–PLCs and NPCs are implicated in plants' response to stresses and development. Emerging evidences show that PLCs regulate structural and developmental features, like stomata movement, microtubule organization, membrane remodelling and root development under abiotic stresses. Thus, crucial insights are provided into PLC mediated regulatory mechanism of abiotic stress responses in plants. In this review, we describe the structure and regulation of plant PLCs. In addition, cellular and physiological roles of PLCs in abiotic stresses, phosphorus deficiency, aluminium toxicity, pollen tube growth, and root development are discussed.
Journal Article
A Comprehensive Guide to Dental Ceramics
This is a comprehensive book that covers the science of ceramics in dentistry. Their structural, chemical, physical, mechanical and optical properties are illustrated in detail. The fabrication methods and clinical aspects of ceramics covered in this book enable students, clinicians, and academicians to improve their knowledge about ceramics. The book covers terminologies, historical perspectives, the structure of ceramics, and their classification and fabrication, as well as different systems available to practitioners.
eBook
A Survey Towards Decision Support System on Smart Irrigation Scheduling Using Machine Learning approaches
From last decade, Big data analytics and machine learning is a hotspot research area in the domain of agriculture. Agriculture analytics is a data intensive multidisciplinary problem. Big data analytics becomes a key technology to perform analysis of voluminous data. Irrigation water management is a challenging task for sustainable agriculture. It depends on various parameters related to climate, soil and weather conditions. For accurate estimation of requirement of water for a crop a strong modeling is required. This paper aims to review the application of big data based decision support system framework for sustainable water irrigation management using intelligent learning approaches. We examined how such developments can be leveraged to design and implement the next generation of data, models, analytics and decision support tools for agriculture irrigation water system. Moreover, water irrigation management need to rapidly adapt state-of-the-art using big data technologies and ICT information technologies with the focus of developing application based on analytical modeling approach. This study introduces the area of research, including a irrigation water management in smart agriculture, the crop water model requirement, and the methods of irrigation scheduling, decision support system, and research motivation.
Journal Article
Decluttering Seed Dispersal Modes: Bringing Clarity to Seed Dispersal Ecology
Seed dispersal research has expanded significantly over time, leading to a proliferation of terms relating to dispersal modes that has resulted in terminological confusion. This viewpoint identifies the primary concerns in this regard: synonymy (multiple terms used for the same mode) and polysemy (the same term used for distinctly different modes). Such inconsistencies hinder conceptual clarity, impede literature syntheses, and obstruct the practical application of seed dispersal ecology. To address these challenges, we propose two complementary pathways. First, we suggest organizing a world cafe to foster consensus‐building among researchers engaging with seed dispersal ecology. Second, we introduce the Diaspore‐Vector‐Review (DVR) framework as a decision‐support tool to prioritize nomenclature for non‐overlapping dispersal mechanisms rather than agent‐centric definitions of dispersal modes. By refining the branching of subclasses from classical modes into a coherent, hierarchical classification system, we can ensure greater scientific rigor and real‐world impact of seed dispersal research. Ambiguity and redundancy in seed dispersal modes hinder ecological research and its applications. This viewpoint argues for the need for systematic simplification by proposing a framework for decluttering terminology and preparing a standardized hierarchical classification to resolve inconsistencies and enhance understanding of seed dispersal ecology.
Journal Article
Optimal LQG controller design for inverted pendulum systems using a comprehensive approach
Controlling nonlinear systems, such as the inverted pendulum on a moving cart, presents a well-known challenge due to the system’s nonlinearities and highly coupled states. This paper explores the control methodology of the system by linearizing the dynamics around the pendulum’s upright position. The primary objective of this review article is to develop control strategies that can not only stabilize the system but also respond effectively to external disturbances. Although control techniques like Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID), Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), and Model Predictive Control (MPC) are commonly used, this research places particular emphasis on the Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control method. LQG, known for its capacity to handle uncertainties and system noise, is analyzed in detail. MATLAB simulations are conducted to compare the performance of various control strategies, with a specific focus on LQG’s ability to ensure stability and performance under disturbance. The findings highlight LQG’s robustness in managing system uncertainties and its adaptability to changing conditions, making it a strong candidate for practical nonlinear control applications.
Journal Article
Magnetorheological phase-change McKibben actuators for frequency-controlled actuation and high force output
State-of-the-art soft robots face a critical trade-off: high-performance pneumatic actuators require bulky external compressors, whereas emerging smart-material actuators often lack sufficient force output. Here, we present a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE)-based phase-change McKibben actuator actuated via induction heating. The inclusion of ferromagnetic particles contributes to improved force output and thermal response of the elastomeric matrix. Furthermore, the design enables wireless operation, where the induction coil's excitation frequency directly regulates the electromagnetic heating and actuation timing. A multiphysics modeling framework, integrating finite element electromagnetic analysis with analytical fluid-pressurization and structural models, guides the actuator design. Prototypes operating at 127 kHz and 150 kHz are fabricated and tested. They produce up to 70 N blocked force at a 23 g mass, representing an increase over prior phase-change actuators. The force output is 48% higher, with faster heating and cooling times compared to identically dimensioned hyperelastic actuators. Increasing the induction frequency to 150 kHz reduces the time to reach a 35 N load by nearly 25%. With heating times of 10-20 s and wireless operation, this actuator represents a promising platform for lightweight soft robotic systems.
Journal Article
Unrestrained ESCRT-III drives micronuclear catastrophe and chromosome fragmentation
The ESCRT-III membrane fission machinery maintains the integrity of the nuclear envelope. Although primary nuclei resealing takes minutes, micronuclear envelope ruptures seem to be irreversible. Instead, micronuclear ruptures result in catastrophic membrane collapse and are associated with chromosome fragmentation and chromothripsis, complex chromosome rearrangements thought to be a major driving force in cancer development. Here we use a combination of live microscopy and electron tomography, as well as computer simulations, to uncover the mechanism underlying micronuclear collapse. We show that, due to their small size, micronuclei inherently lack the capacity of primary nuclei to restrict the accumulation of CHMP7–LEMD2, a compartmentalization sensor that detects loss of nuclear integrity. This causes unrestrained ESCRT-III accumulation, which drives extensive membrane deformation, DNA damage and chromosome fragmentation. Thus, the nuclear-integrity surveillance machinery is a double-edged sword, as its sensitivity ensures rapid repair at primary nuclei while causing unrestrained activity at ruptured micronuclei, with catastrophic consequences for genome stability.Vietri et al. show that the micronucleus fails to restrain ESCRT-III spreading due to its small size, resulting in aberrant accumulation of ESCRT-III to drive micronuclear collapse and DNA fragmentation.
Journal Article
Bibliometric analysis of global research on air pollution and human health: 1998–2017
To give a basic overview of research publications on air pollution and human health, a bibliometric analysis of 2179 documents published during the last two decades (year 1998 to 2017) was carried out. The relevant data was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and analyzed by using the software such as VOSviewer 1.6.7, Tableau Public 2018.1, and Origin Pro 9.0 for visualization and mapping. The publication trend showed a drastic increase during the second decade. The most productive countries working in the field of air pollution and human health were the USA, China, Italy, England, and Canada, whereas top institutions were Chinese Academy of Sciences, US EPA, Harvard University, Peking University, and University of Sao Paulo. Likewise, leading authors in the context of number of documents published and co-citation were Michael Bell and C. Arden Pope respectively. Majority of the researches were published in the journals like
Atmospheric Environment
,
Science of the Total Environment
, and
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
whereas most common author keywords in the publications were “air pollution,” “particulate matter,” and “PM
2.5
.”
Journal Article