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Abstract Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained significant attention in antimicrobial treatments due to their potent antibacterial properties and potential applications in combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Green synthesis of AgNPs using natural extracts provides an eco-friendly and scalable alternative to chemical methods, leveraging plant bioactive compounds to enhance nanoparticle efficacy. Coffee extract, rich in polyphenols, effectively reduces mixed silver ions into pure silver nanoparticles at the nanoscale. This process not only provides an eco-friendly and sustainable method for AgNP synthesis but also ensures the production of high-quality nanoparticles with enhanced antibacterial properties, making it a promising alternative to traditional chemical reduction methods. This study investigates the biosynthesis of AgNPs using robusta, excelsa, and arabica coffee extracts as bioreductors, capitalizing on coffee’s abundance and richness in polyphenols to produce efficient, customizable nanoparticles with improved antibacterial properties. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with red laser exposure was employed to evaluate the effect of various energy densities on bacterial samples. Antibacterial efficacy was assessed using the diffusion well and Total Plate Count (TPC). The UV-Vis analysis revealed peak absorbance wavelengths of 425 nm, 450 nm, and 500 nm for robusta, arabica, and excelsa coffee extracts, respectively. PSA results indicated particle sizes at D50 of 73.08 nm (AgNPs-Arabica), 67.85 nm (AgNPs-Robusta), and 67.67 nm (AgNPs-Excelsa), confirming their nanoscale range (1–100 nm). Antibacterial tests showed the highest Escherichia coli bacterial death rate (95.73%) with AgNPs-Arabica and red laser treatment. Compared, Staphylococcus aureus bacterial death peaked at 94.97% with AgNPs-Excelsa and red laser treatment. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized AgNPs as effective antimicrobial agents, particularly when combined with laser-based therapies, offering innovative approaches for treating bacterial infections. Resumo Nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) ganharam atenção em tratamentos antimicrobianos devido às suas potentes propriedades antibacterianas e potenciais aplicações no combate a patógenos resistentes a antibióticos. A síntese verde de AgNPs usando extratos naturais fornece uma alternativa ecológica e escalável aos métodos químicos, aproveitando compostos bioativos vegetais para aumentar a eficácia das nanopartículas. O extrato de café, rico em polifenóis, reduz efetivamente os íons de prata mistos em nanopartículas de prata pura na escala nanométrica. Esse processo não apenas fornece um método ecológico e sustentável para a síntese de AgNP, como também garante a produção de nanopartículas de alta qualidade com propriedades antibacterianas aprimoradas, tornando-o uma alternativa promissora aos métodos tradicionais de redução química. Este estudo investiga a biossíntese de AgNPs usando extratos de café das variedades robusta, excelsa e arábica como biorredutores, aproveitando a abundância e a riqueza dos polifenóis do café para produzir nanopartículas eficientes e personalizáveis com propriedades antibacterianas aprimoradas. As AgNPs sintetizadas foram caracterizadas usando espectroscopia ultravioleta-visível (UV-Vis) e um analisador de tamanho de partícula (PSA). A terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) com exposição a laser vermelho foi empregada para avaliar o efeito de várias densidades de energia em amostras bacterianas. A eficácia antibacteriana foi avaliada usando o poço de difusão e a contagem total de placas (TPC). A análise UV-Vis revelou comprimentos de onda de absorção de pico de 425 nm, 450 nm e 500 nm para extratos de café das variedades robusta, arábica e excelsa, respectivamente. Os resultados do PSA indicaram tamanhos de partículas em D50 de 73,08 nm (AgNPs-Arábica), 67,85 nm (AgNPs-Robusta) e 67,67 nm (AgNPs-Excelsa), confirmando sua faixa nanométrica (1–100 nm). Os testes antibacterianos mostraram a maior taxa de mortalidade bacteriana de Escherichia coli (95,73%) com AgNPs-Arábica e tratamento com laser vermelho. Em comparação, a morte bacteriana de Staphylococcus aureus atingiu o pico de 94,97% com AgNPs-Excelsa e tratamento com laser vermelho. Essas descobertas destacam o potencial de AgNPs sintetizados de forma verde como agentes antimicrobianos eficazes, particularmente quando combinadas com terapias baseadas em laser, oferecendo abordagens inovadoras para o tratamento de infecções bacterianas.

Hydrogen is a commercially important element. Basically, there are several methods of hydrogen production that have been commercially used, such as Steam Methane Reforming (SMR), High Temperature Steam Electrolysis (HTSE), and thermochemical cycles, like Sulphur-Iodine (SI). Among these methods, SMR is the most widely used for large-scale hydrogen production, with conversion efficiency between 74–85% and it has commercially used in some fertilizer industries in Indonesia. Steam reforming is a method to convert alkane (natural gas) compounds to hydrogen and carbon dioxide (synthetic gas) by adding moisture at high pressure and temperature (35-40 bar; 800-900°C). These hydrogen production technologies can be coupled with different nuclear reactors based on the heat required in the process. The High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) using helium as a coolant, has a high outlet temperature (900°C), so it can potentially be used to supply for process heat for hydrogen production, coal liquefaction/gasification or for other industrial processes requiring high temperature heat. Hydrogen production cost from SMR method is influenced by a range of technical and economic factors. The fuel component of natural gas needed in the SMR method can be replaced by nuclear heat from a nuclear power plant (NPP) operating in cogeneration mode (i.e. simultaneous producing electric power and heat), hence contributing to the reduction of carbon dioxide in the process. In the SMR method, fuel costs are the largest cost component, accounting for between 45% and 75% of production costs. Therefore, there is opportune to assess the economics of hydrogen production by using nuclear heat. The economic evaluation is done by using IAEA HEEP-4 Software. The results comprise cost break up for 2 cases, coupling SMR process for hydrogen production with: (1) 2 HTGRs of 170 MWth/unit; and (2) 1 HTGR of 600 MWth/unit. The cost of hydrogen production is highly depend on the scale of the NPP as energy source and results indicated that hydrogen production cost of the 1 HTGR Unit600 MWth (Case 2) has a lower value (1.72 US $/kgH 2 ), than the cost obtained when 2 HTGR units of 170 MWth each (case 1) are considered (2.72 US$ /kgH 2 ). For comparison, the hydrogen production cost by using SMR with carbon capture and storage (CCS) with natural gas as fuel is 2.27 US$/kgH 2 .

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease or disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels as well as impaired carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism due to insulin function insufficiency. Insulin deficiency can be caused by impaired or deficient insulin production by Langerhans beta cells in the pancreas or by a lack of responsiveness of the body's cells to insulin. This study aims to the effects of electrostimulation on the ameliorative (improves disease manifestations) or renoprotective (protects the kidneys) in a diabetic rat model using noninvasive (electrical stimulation with the magnetic and nonmagnetic electrode) and invasive (using needles) methods. This study used 25 female rats, with a normal control group (KN), a diabetes control group (KD), a needle treatment group (A), an electro-stimulator treatment group with a magnetic electrode (M), and an ES group with a nonmagnetic electrode (ES) (L). The electro-stimulator used AES-05 with a magnetic field strength of 90 mT at two acupoints, Pishu (BL20) and Shenshu (BL23). The treatment was administered 12 times in one month with a therapy time of 6.6 minutes per session. Body weight and blood sugar levels were compared before and after the treatment. After treatment, the diameter of the islets of Langerhans, as well as levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), was measured. Furthermore, statistical analysis was performed (α = 0.05). The results of this study showed that electrical stimulation treatments with needle-invasive, noninvasive magnetic electrodes, and nonmagnetic electrodes significantly reduced diabetic rats’ blood glucose levels before and after the treatment. The analysis of the diameter of the islets of Langerhans revealed a significant difference between the treatment groups. The analysis of creatinine levels revealed a significant difference between groups, but creatinine levels in the group with the magnetic electrode (0.58 ± 0.17 mg/dL) were not significantly different from the control group (0.58 ± 0.07 mg/dL). The BUN test results revealed a significant difference compared with the diabetic control group, but no significant difference with the magnetic electrode treatment group. Conclusion. Based on the results, the most effective therapy for diabetes is a noninvasive method with magnetic (M) electrodes.

This paper shows the effort to implement the RDE and its challenges from 2013 to 2018. RDE was a program to introduce nuclear power plants by building non-commercial power reactors. The RDE program was also used to prove that Indonesian engineers can design a reactor that will later supply electricity and steam for industry. The technology used is a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor. This RDE program is a very strategic intermediate target for energy security and national sovereignty. The development of RDE-based nuclear power plants, in the long run, is expected to have implications for reducing reliance on fossil fuels, more self-sufficiency in energy supply increases national industrial capacity and competitiveness in the global economic order, as well as enhance energy and political diplomacy. Also, RDE can be a reference installation for PeLUIt (Power and Steam Generators for Industry) power plants for small and medium enterprises to meet the demand for electricity and industrial heat in an area’s needs. However, many challenges occurred to implement this program; among them were cost estimation and cost-benefit analysis. Although the program has not been realized, mainly for financial reasons, many positive things have been obtained from these activities.

Tidal floods and land subsidence often occur in the coastal areas of Semarang, Central Java. The coastal area of Semarang has an essential role in the economy of the city of Semarang, especially the Port of Tanjung Emas. Research with a multidisciplinary approach is expected to obtain conclusions on technical and non-technical problems to prepare mitigation measures and reduce the risk of tidal flooding. This study aims to determine and analyze the impact of tidal flooding in the city of Semarang using a multidisciplinary approach. The data used for the analysis came from literature studies and field observations. This research method is descriptive analysis. The results showed that the tidal flood caused damage to infrastructure, houses, and other public facilities. This damage makes the infrastructure not function optimally. Other impacts the community feels are disruption of economic activities, lower productivity, and increased maintenance costs, thereby reducing overall community income. Therefore, tidal flood prevention is needed from all stakeholders, both individually and collectively.

Uranium deposit in Indonesia was found in almost all Indonesian Archipelago, mainly in Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Papua, Bangka Belitung and Riau islands. Uranium exploration activities started in the 1960s to recent, conducted in many exploration stages. The exploration in prospects area are completed with drilling activities to delineate the mineralization zone and continued to resources estimation. In Kalan Area, the research had been completed with underground/tunneling mining. The uranium resources are classified into discovered or undiscovered based on exploration stages, and conventional or unconventional based on sources of primary/secondary/by-product mineral production. The resources are calculated from Kalan Area and its surroundings (Kalimantan) with addition of Mamuju Area (West Sulawesi) and Sibolga Area (North Sumatera). Uranium identified resource in Indonesia is 13,503 tU while the undiscovered is 62,330 tU. Meanwhile, categorized by uranium source, the conventional and unconventional resources are 48,388 tU and 27,445 tU respectively. The uranium resources categories should be increased and completed with feasibility study to increase the resources to reserve classification. The exploration, deposit, and resources are the key to ensure the readiness of developing nuclear power plants in Indonesia, where one of them is Experimental Power Reactor (EPR) or Reaktor Daya Eksperimental (RDE) with domestic uranium fuel.

The purpose of this study was intended to reveal: (1) the phenomenon of strategic natural and economic resource governance in relation to Indonesia’s economic constitution; and (2) prospects for State-owned Enterprises (SOEs) with Indonesia Raya Incorporated (IRI) concept in relation to state corporate governance of natural and strategic economic resources. The study applied qualitative methods, and was designed to use a grounded theory strategy and interpreted with a constructivism approach. The findings of the first study, identified the meaning of an economic constitution that leads to the interrelationship between government policies and political interests, the degree of good public governance and the degree of good corporate governance, as well as the economic strata of the people and the national economy. Second, identifying the prospects of SOEs with IRI towards increasing the economic strata fairly and equally in all regions of the region.

Using the UK National Travel Survey from 2002 to 2006, this paper investigates the influence of households’ residential self-selectivity, parents’ perceptions on accessibilities and their travel patterns on their children daily travel mode share. In doing this, this study introduces a model structure that represents the complex interactions between the parents’ travel patterns, their perceptions on public transport services and their reported residential self-selectivity reasons and the children travel mode shares. This structure is analysed with structural equation modelling. The model estimation results show that parents’ residential self-selectivity, parents’ perceptions and satisfactions on accessibilities and their daily travel patterns significantly influence the children’s daily travel mode shares. However, the effects are not uniform across household members. This study has revealed that households’ residential self-selectivity behaviours have more correlations with the children’s non-motorised mode shares, whilst the parents’ perceptions and satisfactions on transport infrastructure and public transport service qualities have more correlations with parents’ mode shares. The results also confirm that parents’ non-motorised modes use in travelling is highly correlated with the children’s physically active travel mode shares. However, at the same time, the results also show that the effects of mothers’ car use to the children travel mode shares is more apparent than fathers’.

IntroductionTravel demand and travel satisfaction of a transport service are affected by user perceptions of the service quality attributes, and such perceptions should be included in studying user willingness-to-pay (WTP) for automated vehicle (AV) services. This study applied structural equation modelling with service quality attribute perceptions as latent variables affecting WTP.ObjectivesWe investigated how WTP AV services are affected by socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and experiences with AV, existing travel modes and particularly, perceptions of the associated service quality attributes. The AV services are: 1) on-demand personalised AV (PAV) service, 2) demand responsive shared AV (SAV) service, and 3) first−/last-mile automated bus (AB) service.MethodsThe data were collected from 584 potential users of a first−/last-mile AB service trial operated in Kista, Stockholm.ResultsResults show people hold different expectations towards each type of AV service. These expectations act as the minimum requirements for people to pay for the AV services. Respondents are found to be willing to pay more for PAV service if it is safe, provides good ride comfort, and is competitively priced relative to the price travelling by metro and train over a same distance. Other than service quality attribute perceptions, income level, existing travel modes for daily trips, familiarity with automated driving technology and AB ride experience are important factors affecting WTP for the AV services.ConclusionThe developed model can be applied to understand expectations of potential users towards a new AV service, and to identify user groups who are willing to pay the service. New AV services can thus be designed sensibly according to users’ actual needs.

This study utilised the Swedish national travel survey covering a period of over 30 years. We investigated the long-term trends in activity-travel patterns of individuals in different life-cycle stages and generations using cohort analysis and a path model. The main findings are summarised as follows. The women, including mothers, in younger generations have become more active in out-of-home non-work activities and their trip chaining has become more complex, compared to their male counterparts. While men are still driving more than women, the gap is decreasing in the younger generations. The gender difference among teenagers in terms of out-of-home time use diminishes in younger generations. Teenagers of younger generations spend more of their leisure time inside their homes, possibly due to the rise of online activities and gaming and more time-consuming school trips, the latter attributed to changes in school choice policy. Older adults travel more, possibly due to better paratransit transport service, supported by better health services.