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Crop selections and rotations are very important in optimising land and labour productivities, enhancing higher cropping intensities, producing better crop yield. A land suitability analysis system based on the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique coupled with the Geographic Information System (GIS) software environment can be a unique tool for better crop selection. The AHP-GIS technique was used in land suitability analysis in crop rotation decisions, for rice-jute (Kharif season) and potato-lentil (Rabi season) crops in the Hooghly District, West Bengal, India. The study area covering 291 ha was classified based on eight major soil nutrient levels with 70 randomly selected plots for soil sampling and analysis. The soil nutrient variability was examined with descriptive statistics followed by best semivariogram-based model selection for kriging interpolation in the ‘R’ software environment. The pairwise comparison matrix based ranking of parameters and giving weights was carried out considering the importance of each parameter for specific crops. The total area, being under the major rice-potato belt, could be classified from the suitability view point to the ‘highly suitable’(S1) class occupying 29.2%, and ‘not suitable’ (N) class; 4.5% for rice, about 6.5% of land is ‘highly suitable’ (S1), ‘and nearly 2.1% area is ‘not suitable’ (N) for jute; and 21.3% is ‘highly suitable’ (S1) for potato and 12.4% for lentil crops. The yield maps showed nearly 75% and 90% of the area for rice and potato crops, respectively, gave sound crop yield. Furthermore, the GIS platform was used for crop rotation analysis to spread multiple seasons ensuring better crop management in long run. Overall, 25% of the rice crop area for jute in Kharif and 8% of potato crop area for lentil in the Rabi season were recommended as replacements.

The effective lifetime for the decay is reported using the data from pp collision at centre of mass energy = 13 TeV recorded by CMS experiment at the LHC during 2016, 2017 and 2018. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 140 fb –1 . The measurement uses the two-dimensional unbinned maximum likelihood (UML) fit to B -invariant mass and the decay time to extract the observable. Effective lifetime is measured as 1.59 0.07(stat) 0.03(syst) ps, which is in good agreement with the standard model prediction and stands as the most precise result to date.

In this work we compute the branching fraction of \\(B D^(*) \\, \\, _\\) and \\(B_s D_s^(*)\\, \\, _\\) within the Relativistic Independent Quark Model, emphasizing the harmonic potential model dependent analysis of these decay channels in the precision flavor physics era. Considering the experimental observation of longitudinal \\(\\)-polarization and fraction of longitudinal polarization at LHCb and Belle, we have also investigated these observables within our model framework which are aligning well with the standard model expectations. We perform a comprehensive analysis of the form factors across the whole accessible kinematic range of \\(q^2\\). Our results are consistent and compatible with other theoretical approaches as well as with the experimental measurements. Furthermore, we evaluated the clean ratios of \\(B_s\\) to \\(B_0\\) in the semimuonic mode that are in accordance with the LHCb measurements, and support the validity of the SU(3) flavor symmetry. Although the concept of new physics is facing a significant challenge at the current TeV scale, semileptonic \\(B\\) decays, nevertheless, always serve as a valuable probe to study the decay dynamics.

The confining strength or model parameters and constituent quark masses are reparametrized for predicting the ground state meson masses. We analyzed these from the hyperfine splitting of \\(S\\)-wave heavy-flavored, heavy-light and light (except non-strange) mesons in the framework of a relativistic independent quark (RIQ) model with one gluon exchange and centre-of-mass correction. These mesons with spin parity \\(J^P=0^-\\) and \\(1^-\\), the masses obtained are in accordance with the experimental physical masses. The results will serve as good complementary tools in further study of hadron dynamics and will behave as a foundation for the higher excited and exotic states of hadrons.

We analyze the exclusive two-body nonleptonic decays of \\(B_s\\) meson to ground as well as radially excited \\(2S\\) charmonium state with a light meson \\(K_s\\), induced by the \\(b\\to c\\bar{c}d\\) transition. Within the framework of relativistic independent quark (RIQ) model based on a flavor-independent interaction potential in scalar-vector harmonic form, we calculate the weak form factors from the overlapping integrals of meson wave function obtained in this model. Using the factorization approximation, we predict the branching fractions for the \\(B_s \\to \\psi(1S,2S) K_s\\) and \\(B_s \\to \\eta_c(1S,2S) K_s\\), which can be compared with future theoretical predictions. Branching fraction for \\(B_s\\to J/\\psi K_s\\) decay is found to be in good agreement with the data from LHCb Collaboration, whereas for \\(B_s\\to \\psi(2S) K_s\\), it is found to be within the detection ability of the CMS Collaboration. We also predict the ratios of branching fractions \\((\\cal{R})\\), which are in broad agreement with the data from LHCb Collaboration. These results indicate that the present approach works well in the description of exclusive nonleptonic \\(B_s\\) decays within the framework of the RIQ model.

In this dissertation, we report a study of B − → DCPK(*)− , using data collected at the ϒ(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric e+ e− storage ring. Results on the branching fraction and CP asymmetries of the decay B− → DCPK (*)−, where DCP is a CP eigenstate of the D0 meson, are reported. The implications for the determination of the CP angle 3 are discussed.

We present the current status of the MATHUSLA (MAssive Timing Hodoscope for Ultra-Stable neutraL pArticles) long-lived particle (LLP) detector at the HL-LHC, covering the design, fabrication and installation at CERN Point 5. MATHUSLA40 is a 40 m-scale detector with an air-filled decay volume that is instrumented with scintillator tracking detectors, to be located near CMS. Its large size, close proximity to the CMS interaction point and about 100 m of rock shielding from LHC backgrounds allows it to detect LLP production rates and lifetimes that are one to two orders of magnitude beyond the ultimate reach of the LHC main detectors. This provides unique sensitivity to many LLP signals that are highly theoretically motivated, due to their connection to the hierarchy problem, the nature of dark matter, and baryogenesis. Data taking is projected to commence with the start of HL-LHC operations. We summarize the new 40m design for the detector that was recently presented in the MATHUSLA Conceptual Design Report, alongside new realistic background and signal simulations that demonstrate high efficiency for the main target LLP signals in a background-free HL-LHC search. We argue that MATHUSLA's uniquely robust expansion of the HL-LHC physics reach is a crucial ingredient in CERN's mission to search for new physics and characterize the Higgs boson with precision.

We present the Conceptual Design Report (CDR) for the MATHUSLA (MAssive Timing Hodoscope for Ultra-Stable neutraL pArticles) long-lived particle detector at the HL-LHC, covering the design, fabrication and installation at CERN Point 5. MATHUSLA is a 40 m-scale detector with an air-filled decay volume that is instrumented with scintillator tracking detectors, to be located near CMS. Its large size, close proximity to the CMS interaction point and about 100 m of rock shielding from HL-LHC backgrounds allows it to detect LLP production rates and lifetimes that are one to two orders of magnitude beyond the ultimate sensitivity of the HL-LHC main detectors for many highly motivated LLP signals. Data taking is projected to commence with the start of HL-LHC operations. We present a new 40m design for the detector: its individual scintillator bars and wavelength-shifting fibers, their organization into tracking layers, tracking modules, tower modules and the veto detector; define a high-level design for the supporting electronics, DAQ and trigger system, including supplying a hardware trigger signal to CMS to record the LLP production event; outline computing systems, civil engineering and safety considerations; and present preliminary cost estimates and timelines for the project. We also conduct detailed simulation studies of the important cosmic ray and HL-LHC muon backgrounds, implementing full track/vertex reconstruction and background rejection, to ultimately demonstrate high signal efficiency and \\(\\ll 1\\) background event in realistic LLP searches for the main physics targets at MATHUSLA. This sensitivity is robust with respect to detector design or background simulation details. Appendices provide various supplemental information.