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El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el perfil del veterano del ejército español en la primera mitad del siglo XVII, centrándose en la duración de su servicio y el deterioro de su condición física. Con este fin se han estudiado un conjunto de peticiones elevadas al Consejo de Guerra conservadas en el Archivo General de Simancas. Con ello se pretende arrojar luz sobre la presencia de los veteranos en el mundo moderno como un nuevo grupo social.  

Objectives: This review explores the role of swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) in diagnosing and monitoring optic nerve neuropathy in Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE) due to hyperemesis gravidarum, including a case of neuropathy from intractable vomiting in pregnancy. Methods: A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database to select high-quality reviews and original articles on the use of swept-source OCT for assessing optic nerve involvement in WE due to hyperemesis gravidarum. Results: WE is a potentially fatal neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by thiamine deficiency due to various causes, like alcoholism, malnutrition, and prolonged parenteral nutrition. This condition can cause neurological disorders such as imbalance, altered mental status, nystagmus, and ophthalmoplegia. Sometimes, there is also a deterioration of visual acuity with swelling of the optic disc. OCT is a non-invasive imaging tool that can detect optic nerve involvement in WE by assessing peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness. In the acute phase, optic disc edema and increased pRNFL thickness may be observed, while chronic-phase changes include optic nerve atrophy and pRNFL thinning. WE may occur in the course of hyperemesis gravidarum in pregnant women. We present a case of a 23-year-old woman at 14 weeks of gestation with WE due to severe hyperemesis gravidarum, manifesting as visual impairment and neurological deficits. MRI confirmed the diagnosis, while OCT revealed transient pRNFL thickening followed by optic nerve atrophy. Conclusions: Early diagnosis and thiamine supplementation are crucial to preventing severe complications. OCT is a valuable tool for detecting and tracking optic nerve changes in WE.

The article attempts to answer the question of whether it is possible to study the mental condition of veterans of wars of the Early Modern period. From the point of view of a historian, this is fi rst of all a methodological problem, followed by a problem of a base of sources. In the 20th and 21st alone, the concept of PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) has undergone numerous changes, and in the current edition of the American Society of Mental Disorders (DSM) classifi cation of mental disorders, it is a much broader term and encompasses a variety of social contexts than it was at the time of the Vietnam War. A historian using the retrogressive method can study changes in the perception of the term, which also makes it possible to grasp the different contexts in which someone was considered to have suffered mental wounds during combat. From as early as the 17th century, both military men and medics emphasized the link between experiencing confl ict and behavioral change. In Western armies of the early modern era, offi cials reviewing veterans’ applications for relief indicated cases of soldiers unable to continue serving, although in full physical strength. In the Spanish army, they were referred to as mal de corazón – literally, “decrepit at heart,” although a number of different terms appear in the sources. However, in order to read such period sources and not make a misdiagnosis, it is necessary to look at the medical textbooks and military petitions of the time with methodological caution.

Even though algorithmic composition might be considered a centuries-old concept, it has been gaining particular momentum since the introduction of computer-based techniques. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) methods, culminating in the latest achievements of deep learning techniques, has provided tools to automatically compose and even produce music. This paper discusses various aspects of the entire process within a context of designing a system able to automatically generate a score and recordings belonging to selected musical genres. It begins with the idea and design overview, followed by considerations regarding the algorithmic formulation of selected musical rules and principles. The system implements a hybrid approach, combining conventional, i.e., stochastic or rule-based, and AI elements. The latter are applied to facilitate the generation of selected layers of composition and to constitute a classifier with a task of evaluating the generated recordings. Selected stages of music generation are discussed, for example how motifs are processed into phrases and how phrases are used in the context of a whole song. To validate the system operation results, an evaluation of the quality of the produced music recordings was conducted, including a test with a group of listeners. The analysis also touches upon some legal aspects related to the creation of algorithmic compositions.