Explore the vast range of titles available.

A porous Co‐based metal‐oxide foam catalyst is fabricated via the dynamic hydrogen bubble template electrodeposition method followed by calcination (6 h at 300 °C thermal treatment). Electrolysis results demonstrate excellent performance of this catalyst in the electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3−RR ${\\mathrm{NO}}_3^ - {\\mathrm{RR}}$ ), attaining near‐unity Faradaic efficiency (97.8% ± 3.6% at jNH3,lim = –59.5 ± 2.3 mA cm−2) at a low (over)potential of –0.2 V vs RHE, which represents maximum achievable performance in 0.1 mol L−1 nitrate solutions (pH 13.7) under transport‐limiting conditions in the absence of extra convection. Digital simulations show that, without forced convection, the catalyst's electrochemically active surface area changes dynamically due to rapid nitrate depletion inside the 3D foam. Electrolyte replenishment, triggered by vigorous hydrogen evolution, is shown to restore the active surface in the foam interior. This self‐convection enables high ammonia partial current densities exceeding hundreds of mA cm−2 (e.g., jNH3 = –220 ± 18 mA cm−2 at –0.6 V vs RHE, with FENH3 = 80.2% ± 2.2%). Operando XAS, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical analysis reveal the in situ evolution of a “tandem” composite catalyst during electrolysis, where β‐Co(OH)2 and metallic Co function both as the active phases for NO3−RR ${\\mathrm{NO}}_3^ - {\\mathrm{RR}}$ , with β‐Co(OH)2 remaining kinetically stabilized under the cathodic operating conditions. A porous cobalt‐based metal‐oxide foam catalyst is synthesized using the DHBT technique, followed by calcination. It demonstrates exceptional activity for e‐NO3RR, reaching near‐unity ammonia selectivity at low overpotentials. Dynamic surface area changes due to NO3‐ depletion are mitigated by “self‐convection” during hydrogen evolution. Operando analyses reveal the formation of highly active “tandem catalyst”— β‐Co(OH)2 and metallic Co serving as a stable active phase under reaction conditions.

Athletes do not receive adequate and equal support in building their careers. This study aims to examine the unequal and inconsistent support systems available for the simultaneous development of sporting and educational careers. A purposive sampling method was applied, and data were collected through a self-designed questionnaire survey distributed via Google Forms. The data collected were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. The findings indicate that in Hungary, support systems are primarily material in nature, and mainly benefit a narrow segment of elite athletes enrolled in higher education. These systems have little or no significant impact on students of secondary school age. Most respondents reported support primarily from their families and their personal coaches. The vast majority of participants had not participated in professional programmes designed to facilitate dual career development. The results provide guidance for the development of competence-based training programmes that promote effective learning and life management skills. Such training should be incorporated into secondary school curricula as a matter of priority.

Due to the fact that neither physical nor physiological and anthropometric differences in adolescents can serve as definitive differentiating factors in terms of choosing successful and non-successful players, coaches are encouraged to focus more on thepsychological characteristics ofyoung players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine football players’ psychological skills in an elite football academy as related to age and position. Every young player at one of the most successful football academies in the country participated in this study (N=119, M=16.44±1.17). The sample was divided into four age groups according to the championship system (U16, U17, U18, U21), and into specific football positions (goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and striker). Basedonthe results, the young academy football players had a low level ofamotivation (1.45±0.68), a high level of extrinsic motivation (5.96±0.64), and can be characterized with a higher level task (4.02±0.62) than ego orientation (3.01±0.62). All of the results for coping skills were in the mid-range (M=3.00-3.41). There were no differences in motivation, perceived motivational climate, and coping among the football players regarding their positions. However, there were significant differences among the age groups in perceived motivation and coping skills. Older players were more egooriented and had a higher level of peaking under pressure, while younger players demonstrated higher level task, ego, and coach ability levels. Football coaches need to focus less on positions and more on age differences when dealing with motivation, perceived motivation, and coping.

Study aim: Over the last two decades, the body fat mass has been increasing and the level of physical fitness has been decreasing in school-aged children. Due to the health-related concerns that have arisen regarding school-aged children, the Hungarian government introduced everyday physical education in 2012. Since girls are more disposed to higher body fat and low fitness levels, the aim of our study was to characterise the physique, body composition and aerobic capacity of 10 to 14-year-old girls three years after the introduction of the new curriculum with daily PE lessons. Material and methods: All of the primary schools that were selected to participate in this study serve as partnership schools in the University of West Hungary’s teacher training programme (N = 8). The sample included only those upper primary school girls (10 to 14 years of age) who participated in the everyday physical education lesson (N = 543). Standard anthropometric techniques and a 20m shuttle run test were selected for the analysis. Results: An important result of this study was the finding that differences in the body composition features were consistently significant among the age groups. However, there were no differences among the age groups in the results of the 20 m multi-stage fitness test, nor in the girls’ relative aerobic capacity. Conclusions: It can be presumed that an unfavourable body composition and poor fitness occur primarily in the prepuberty years. Everyday physical education serves as a good opportunity for shaping the girls’ fitness level and body composition, and also for encouraging healthy active living.

Our study aims to present the perception and experiences of employees at a large multinational telecommunications company in Hungary working in home offices, as well as their health behavior and the workplace health promotion during the SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 outbreak. The sample consisted of the full sample of highly skilled employees at a large telecommunication multinational company (N = 46). Throughout the analysis, tests for homogeneity of variance were followed by a MANOVA test to compare the groups’ means by gender, age, and job classification. The results clearly show that in the short term, workers’ mental health did not deteriorate, they do not argue or fight more with their partners and are no more depressed or irritable than before. Workers are less likely to think of ways to be more effective at work than in a home office. Similarly, they do not think that employers have more expectations than before the pandemic. Our research shows the assumption about home workers being less efficient or less diligent in their daily work to be false. A supportive and flexible employer approach to health-conscious employees will be an essential aspect in the future.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of polarized (Pol) and threshold (TR) training in youth triathletes (15–18 years). Female youth triathlete subjects taking part in systematic training ( =42, =21; =21; at the beginning age =14.63±1.25 years; age =14.61± 0.89 years) were studied. In this 3-year-long research, anthropometric characteristics and performance were measured, using a spiroergometric, maximal exercise test. Run time spent on a treadmill and physiological data were analyzed. There were no significant differences in anthropometric variables during the study period, but a difference was observed between the two groups in heart rate at the third year. Relative oxygen uptake (rVO2), ventilation (VE) and performance (Time) increased significantly ( <0.05) in the Pol group, suggesting that this method can also be successful in youth training. Our study results support other research findings demonstrating the effectiveness of polarized training. Further expansion of our sample is necessary to provide guidance for youth triathlon training.

BACKGROUND: The literature provides relatively few and incomplete studies on comparisons of body composition measurement procedures, especially when related to sport experience, gender and age. The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the applicability of the bioelectric impedance (BIA) and the fourcomponent anthropometry (Drinkwater-Ross) methods among young athletes. METHODS: 142 school-aged competitive athletes (nmale=71; nfemale=71, Mage=11.72±2.33) from a suburb in Hungary participated in the study. Data collection included standard Drinkwater-Ross anthropometric fractionation (bone mass, muscle and fat mass, and residual mass, estimated by equations) and bioelectrical impedance analysis with measured muscle mass (SMM_Inbody) and body fat percentage (PBF%Inbody) methods. In order to better understand the higher standard correlations of the methods, Parizkova percentage of body fat (Parizkova BF%) was also included in the analysis. Data analysis was performed by gender and age range. RESULTS: According to the data, it seems that the muscle mass estimated by BIA (SMM Inbody) is higher than the Drinkwater-Ross estimation (eMM) both in males and females and in each age-group. Also, muscle mass is overestimated, meanwhile body fat% (PBF% Inbody) is underestimated by BIA compared to Parizkova BF%. However, our results show significant correlations (0.60.9, p<.001) between estimated fat mass and muscle mass in all cases (eMM, eFM); similarly, the estimated body fat percentages in all cases were strongly correlated (Parizkova BF% and PBF% Inbody). CONCLUSIONS: Correlational analyses proved that estimation of body fat mass, muscle mass, and percentage of body fat by BIA measurement are closely associated with both Drinkwater-Ross anthropometric fractionation and Parizkova. Our findings suggest that the (BIA) predictive performance is equally appropriate as other reference techniques (e.g. Drinkwater-Ross, Parizkova) in the case of young athletes. Consequently, both the device (bioelectrical impedance device) and the ease of use of the results make for a truly user-friendly and scientifically supported procedure.

Study aim : To assess body composition, health awareness and cardiorespiratory fitness in female university students differing in volume of obligatory physical activity classes. Material and methods : 109 female students of the University of West Hungary volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects were divided into two groups according to frequency and volume of obligatory physical activity: students of recreation and health education programmes (RHE; n = 27) and of social pedagogy, tourism and catering, and teacher training programmes (STT; n = 82). Basic somatic characteristics were measured, body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance, cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated using the Rockport Fitness Walking Test and health behaviour was assessed by questionnaire method. Student's t-test for independent samples, the U Mann Whitney test or chi-square test were used in data analysis. Results : RHE students had higher values of percentage muscle mass (p<0.05) and of cardiorespiratory performance (p<0.001), they also declared significantly more frequently (p<0.001) practicing leisure physical activity as compared with the STT group. However, in both groups the symptoms of unhealthy behaviour were observed. Conclusions : Although beneficial effects of augmented physical activity on body composition, cardiorespiratory performance and attitudes towards taking up leisure-time activity was noted, attention should be paid to symptoms of unhealthy behaviour observed in female students. This support the need for including obligatory physical education classes in university curriculum and the importance of education and promotion of healthy behaviour among the students.

Intense exercise by top-level athletes significantly lowers the pH of muscle and blood, which leads to fatigue. Beta-alanine (BA) supplementation can increase carnosine levels in skeletal muscle, which can delay a decrease in pH in the muscles. Previous studies have shown that multiple doses of BA supplementation were effective for people of different physical fitness and age. The purpose of this double-blind, randomized, controlled study is to investigate the effect of a five-week BA supplementation on well-trained, experienced rowing athletes at approximately the median dose of previous studies, which determined that 50 mg day-1 kg-1 of body weight was an effective daily dose. Two groups were formed in the spiroergometric study. One group received BA supplementation, while the control group did not. Five weeks after the first test (T1), the second test (T2) occurred, and the blood lactate levels were measured before and after the tests (Pre[La-]b; Post[La-]b). The maximum mean values of different physiological load parameters showed no significant difference. In the BA group, the mean lactate level was significantly lower after the T2 measurement (Post[La-]b) compared to those of T1 (P = 0.01) and the control group, i.e., T1 (P = 0,008), T2 (P = 0,028). The mean time and performance of the second measurement of the BA group increased [T1 = 582,7 ± 88,2 (s); T2 = 636,4 ± 106,6 (s)] but the result is not significant. In summary, the five-week dose of 50 mg day-1 kg-1 of body weight, which is 3.845 day-1 for the group average, lowers the blood lactate levels after the tests (Post[La-]b) but does not increase the athlete's performance. For well-trained athletes, during a five-week supplementation, it is not advisable to lover the value below 4-6 g day-1 with the dietary supplement to achieve an ergogenic effect.

Students who participate in well-planned and structured physical education (PE) lessons engage in significantly higher levels of physical activity than children who do not. Heart rate monitoring a useful tool to help both students and teachers understand the efficiency of the physical activity. The purpose of this study was to analyze primary school children's body compositions and heart rates when performing different types of physical activities (gymnastics, mixed activities, ball games, athletics, and games). The sample included 10-12-year-old primary school boys (N=46) and girls (N=63) from the university's cooperating school. To estimate their body compositions, standard anthropometric techniques were used. Polar RS400 heart rate monitors were used to monitor the heart rate of each child during the main parts of different types of physical education lessons. There were no differences between the genders for the body composition or for the maximal heart rate values in the different PE content areas. The lowest heart rate was recorded during gymnastics (148 beat*min-1), and the highest values were detected during the game activities and athletics (164.60 and 163.83 beat*min-1. For the mixed activities and ball games, the heart rates ranged between 154.06 and 156.52 beat*min-1. Physical activities that result in higher heart rate values required a greater contribution and adaptation of the cardiovascular system. However, activities that elicit a lower heart rate likely focus more on skill learning and acquisition. This data can be used as a resource for physical education teachers when planning and structuring PE classes.