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In the present study, the spread of Rhizoctonia solani-induced disease was limited when cucumber plants were pretreated with Trichoderma atroviride TRS25. The systemic disease suppression was related to TRS25-induced resistance (TISR) induction with simultaneous plant growth promotion. Protection of cucumber was related to enhanced activity of defense enzymes, e.g., guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), syringaldazine peroxidase (SPX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) as well as phenolic (PC) concentration increases in the conditions of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, resulting in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) decrease. Moreover, the obtained results indicated that TISR might depend on accumulation of salicylic acid derivatives, that is methyl salicylate (MeSA), ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS), salicylic acid glucosylated conjugates (SAGC), and β-cyclocitral as well as volatile organic compounds (VOC) such as Z-3-hexanal, Z-3-hexenol, and E-2-hexenal. The results point to important, not previously documented, roles of these VOC in TISR signaling with up-regulation of PR1 and PR5 gene characteristic of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and of PR4 gene, marker of induced systemic resistance (ISR). The study established that TRS25 enhanced deposition of callose and lignin in specialized plant cells, which protected vascular system in cucumber shoots and roots as well as assimilation cells and dermal tissues in shoots and leaves. These compounds protected cucumber organs against R. solani influence and made them more flexible and resilient, which contributed to better nutrition and hydration of plants. The growth promotion coupled with systemic mobilization of biochemical and mechanical strengthening might be involved in multilayer protection of cucumber against R. solani activated by TRS25.

In recent years, the use of the intranasal route has been actively explored as a possible drug delivery method in the palliative patient population. There are reports demonstrating the effectiveness of nasally administered medications that are routinely used in patients at the end of life. The subject of this study is the intranasal drug administration among palliative patients. The aim is to summarize currently used intranasal therapies among palliative patients, determine the benefits and difficulties, and identify potential areas for future research. A review of available medical literature published between 2013 and 2023 was performed using online scientific databases. The following descriptors were used when searching for articles: “palliative”, “intranasal”, “nasal”, “end-of-life care”, “intranasal drug delivery” and “nasal drug delivery”. Out of 774 articles, 55 directly related to the topic were finally selected and thoroughly analyzed. Based on the bibliographic analysis, it was shown that drugs administered intranasally may be a good, effective, and convenient form of treatment for patients receiving palliative care, in both children and adults. This topic requires further, high-quality clinical research.

Double inlet left ventricle (DILV) is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by a functionally univentricular atrioventricular connection, in which most or all atrial inflow is directed to the dominant, morphologic left ventricle via either two separate atrioventricular valves or a common atrioventricular valve. The second ventricle is typically a rudimentary (incomplete) morphologic right ventricle. While well-documented in humans, the occurrence of DILV in veterinary medicine remains poorly studied. This report describes a male European bison ( Bison bonasus ) that survived for 12 years with DILV and additional cardiac malformations. Surprisingly, despite the severity and complexity of these defects, the animal was culled for reasons unrelated to cardiac disease. A complete field necropsy was performed, but only the heart was subjected to further investigation. Due to specimen disruption, the heart was reconstructed with the assistance of pediatric cardiac surgeons and analyzed using post-mortem computed tomography imaging, which provided valuable insights into its anatomical structure and spatial relationships. This case highlights the importance of integrated pathology and advanced imaging in congenital heart disease, while acknowledging the practical limitations of ante-mortem investigations in free-ranging animals.

Introduction Patients receiving hospice care at the end of life often suffer from a variety of ailments. They may need medication to alleviate symptoms for the rest of their lives. The most common and recommended way to take opioids and steroids is orally. Less frequently, the subcutaneous or intravenous routes are used. The intranasal route is a relatively uncommon but interesting alternative for administering drugs. Aim The study aims to identify hospice patients who may benefit from changing the standard opioid and steroid administration route to intranasal delivery. Material and methods The electronic medical records of all home and inpatient hospice patients (both rural and urban) were analyzed between February and April 2024. The study focused on the magnitude and type of problems associated with taking medications via standard routes and assessed the potential for changing to an intranasal route of administration. Results Patients who were prescribed morphine, dexamethasone, or both during co-administration were included in the analysis. Of the 282 patients receiving hospice care over the study period, 95 met the inclusion criteria (33.7%). According to the researcher’s original survey 87% of patients experienced issues with taking medications through the standard route. Among the problems related to oral medicines, consciousness disorders were the most significant at 66%. For subcutaneous administration, the main issues were reluctance to inject at 19% and lack of cooperation from caregivers at 20%. Conclusion The profile of a hospice patient who may benefit from intranasal administration of symptomatic drugs includes patients with impaired consciousness, aversion to subcutaneous injections, and reluctance to administer injections by caregivers.

Paradoxical embolism to the central nervous system through a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is considered one mechanism of ischaemic stroke. We present a case of stroke in a young woman with PFO trekking in the Himalayas. Paradoxical embolism should be considered in the differential diagnosis of high-altitude cerebral oedema.

Studies of rock art in central Asia have been conducted for decades by numerous groups of researchers (Khujanazarov 2004). Still, despite the overwhelmingly large number of known archaeological sites (Tashbaeva et al. 2001; Rozwadowski and Lymer 2011), specific natural conditions effectively delay or prevent further discoveries, especially in the high mountain regions. However, new sites are still being found (Augustinova and Stanco 2016).

The majority of research dealing with the impacts of the Himalayan climate on human physiology focuses on low air temperature, high wind speed, and low air pressure and oxygen content, potentially leading to hypothermia and hypoxia. Only a few studies describe the influence of the weather conditions in the Himalayas on the body’s ability to maintain thermal balance. The aim of the present research is to trace the heat exchange between humans and their surroundings during a typical, 6-day summit attempt of Mount Everest in the spring and winter seasons. Additionally, an emergency night outdoors without tent protection is considered. Daily variation of the heat balance components were calculated by the MENEX_HA model using meteorological data collected at automatic weather stations installed during a National Geographic expedition in 2019–2020. The data represent the hourly values of the measured meteorological parameters. The research shows that in spite of extreme environmental conditions in the sub-summit zone of Mount Everest during the spring weather window, it is possible to keep heat equilibrium of the climbers’ body. This can be achieved by the use of appropriate clothing and by regulating activity level. In winter, extreme environmental conditions in the sub-summit zone make it impossible to maintain heat equilibrium and lead to hypothermia. The emergency night in the sub-peak zone leads to gradual cooling of the body which in winter can cause severe hypothermia of the climber’s body. At altitudes < 7000 m, climbers should consider using clothing that allows variation of insulation and active regulation of their fit around the body.

Background/Objectives: As an endurance multi-sport race, triathlon places significant energy demands on athletes during performance and training. Insufficient energy intake from food can lead to low energy availability (LEA) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). We aimed to measure symptoms related to LEA, examine the risk of RED-S, and find how diet relates to the risk of RED-S in highly trained female amateur triathletes. Methods: Our sample was 20 top-performing female triathletes competing in Quarter Ironman (IM), Half IM, IM, or Double IM triathlons for 5.5 ± 2.5 y who were during the preparatory phase of training (training load 11 ± 3.76 h/week, a single workout 84 ± 25 min). Triathletes completed 3-day food diaries, training diaries, and the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q). Exercise energy expenditure was estimated using wrist-worn activity trackers. To examine dietary patterns related to the first signs of LEA, predating RED-S, we created two groups: the L-LEA group (LEAF-Q score 0–5, no symptoms related to LEA, low risk of RED-S, n = 10) and the H-LEA group (LEAF-Q ≥ 6, at least one LEA-related symptom, high risk of RED-S, n = 10). Results: The risk of RED-S was prevalent in 30% of female triathletes, and 50% showed at least one symptom related to LEA. Macronutrient intake was similar in all participants, but triathletes from the H-LEA group tended to eat more plant-sourced protein and fiber. They consumed less saturated fatty acids but ingested more significant amounts of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAn6). Conclusions: We conclude that foods higher in plant proteins, fiber, and PUFAn6 might predispose female triathletes to LEA by reducing the diet’s energy density.