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This study considered the effects of repeated bouts of short-term resistive exercise in old (age: 64.5±5.5 years; n = 10) and young men (age: 25.1±4.9 years; n = 10) who performed six knee extension exercise bouts over two weeks using various markers of exercise-induced muscle damage and electromyographic activity. We found that time-course changes in quadriceps isometric torque, creatine kinase activity, and muscle soreness in the two groups were similar. However, recovery in the acute torque deficit was mediated by more favourable electromyographic activity changes in the young group than in the older adults group. Muscle elastic energy storage and re-use assessed with dynamometry was selectively improved in the young group by the end of the protocol. Serum myoglobin concentration increased selectively in old group, and remained elevated with further bouts, suggesting higher sarcolemma vulnerability and less effective metabolic adaptation in the older adults, which, however, did not affect muscle contractility.

Background: The aims of our study were to investigate the changes in anthropometric and physical parameters and fasting hormonal levels among pre-pubertal female handball players (n = 14, age: 11.53 ± 0.58 yrs, height: 153.36 ± 5.12 cm, body mass: 43.59 ± 6.14 kg) in the pre-season period following 8 weeks of handball training, and to analyze the contribution of hormones, physical performance and anthropometric parameters. Methods: Prior to and immediately following the training period, several anthropometric, strength, and cardiorespiratory variables, including fasting hormonal concentrations (plasma cortisol, estradiol, testosterone and growth hormones) were measured. Athletes performed concurrent resistance and aerobic exercises, including game-based trainings during the 8-week training period. Results: Significant elevations were found in all strength parameters (maximal handgrip strength dominant (D): 16.40%, p < 0.01; non-dominant (ND): 25.15%, p < 0.05; maximal concentric (MVC) torque of quadriceps D: 13.82%, p < 0.05; ND: 12.61%, p < 0.05; MVC torque of hamstring D: 12.14%, p < 0.01; ND: 12.44%, p < 0.01), including plasma cortisol levels (C, 34.30%, p < 0.05) and peak respiratory quotient (5.24%, p < 0.05). Body composition and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) remained unchanged. Percentage changes in thigh (r = 0.316, p < 0.05), hand (r = 0.361, p < 0.05), and hip circumference (r = 0.297, p < 0.05) correlated with C changes. Percentage changes in plasma growth hormone levels (GH) contributed to the magnitude of gains in handgrip strength (r = 0.553, p < 0.05). Percentage changes in maximal exercise pulmonary ventilation (MVE) correlated with elevated C (r = −0.592, p < 0.05). Discussion: Changes in anthropometric variables and fasting hormone levels (estradiol, testosterone and cortisol) were poor indicators of developing VO2max and strength during pre-pubertal years. Physical adaptation may not be explained in consideration of the athletes’ hormonal or anthropometric characteristics. Conclusion: Gradually increased training volume followed by a summer break should be applied to youth handball, considering the anti-hypertrophic responses and the inhibitory effect of elevating C on pre-pubertal maturation.

Problem statement: Due to the nature of each sport, the rules allow different levels of contact. In sports of an aesthetic nature, there is no contact between the athletes, while in sports games there may be a fight against body-to-body during stealing the ball. In combat sports, however, the goal is to defeat the opponent within a regular framework by applying physical force, continuous or momentary contact. The question therefore arises as to whether there is a difference in the trait aggression of those who exercise different sports? Is there a detectable difference between athletes and non-athletes regarding trait aggression? Approach: We aimed to investigate whether the athletes are more aggressive than non-athletes and to examine the differences between the sports activities divided into tactical groups and measured them separately. Material and Methods: We used the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, subjects were 14-18 years old (N=1600) Hungarian students, divided into non-athlete (n=800) and athlete group (n=800). Athletes were divided into subgroups: aerobic (n=100); handball (n=100), basketball (n=100), football (n=100); wrestling (n=100), judo (n=100), karate (n=100) and swimming (n=100). Datas were analyzed with IBM SPSS 24.0. software, criteria for considering statistical significance was p<0.05. Results: Significant differences were found between the non-athlete and athlete group in trait aggression total score and in the subscales physical aggression, hostility, and anger. We found a significant difference in the trait-aggression total score between the non-athlete group and each sport group based on tactical division. The non-athlete group had a significantly higher value than each of the sports groups did. We found a significant difference in total scores between the non-contact and combat sports, the value of the combat sports was higher. Compared to the tactical sports groups regarding physical aggression we found a significant difference between combat sports and the representatives of the non-contact sports; combat sports and cyclic sport; non-contact sports and sports games. In the hostility subscale, we found significant differences between non-athletes and non-contact/draw sports and between non-athletes and sports games. Significant differences were found in the total trait-aggression score between the non-athletes and aerobic; non-athletes and judo; non-athletes and karate; non-athletes and basketball; non-athletes and handball and non-athletes and swimming. The values of the non-athlete group were significantly higher. Conclusions: Our hypothesis that trait aggression of athletes is lower was supported. Results show the tendency to do sport regularly make favorable personality changes via the reduction of the degree of aggression.

The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of a 24-week-long training program on changes in static body posture, as well as the characteristics of anterior shoulder pain in youth swimmers, and the relationship between changes in whole-body posture and the frequency and intensity of anterior shoulder pain. Competitive young swimmers (n = 54, 13.9 ± 1.79 years) were divided into experimental group and control group and both groups performed their usual swimming training. In addition, the experimental group performed a 24-week-long whole-body posture correction program. Before and after the implemented training, whole-body posture was analyzed using the PostureScreen (version 13.7) mobile application, and subjective intensity of pain was determined using the swimmer’s functional pain scale. Significant changes were found between the two groups in numerous measured postural parameters. A significant reduction in the prevalence of shoulder pain and score of the pain scale was observed after the posture correction program in the experimental group. Our results may imply that more optimal biomechanical conditions may indirectly reduce the incidence of swimmer’s shoulder in terms of prevention. Analysis and monitoring of body posture of swimmers using an on-field mobile application continuously, and the application of preventive training programs, may help to avoid developing injuries.

Purpose: The aim of our study was to translate the Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire (AVVQ) into Hungarian, and to investigate the validity and reliability of the Hungarian AVVQ, as well as to assess the health-related quality of life in patients with varicose veins of the leg. Methods: 374 adults participated in this study who were divided into two groups (varicose vein, healthy). We analyzed internal consistency, convergent validity (using the 36-Item Short Form Survey, SF-36), repeatability, and intra-class correlation coefficient of the Hungarian AVVQ. Regarding discriminant validity, we determined the scores of the Hungarian AVVQ in both groups using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: The Cronbach-alpha value was 0.890, while the correlation coefficient was R = 1.000. According to the results of the convergent validation, the scores of pain and dysfunction moderately correlated with some scores of the SF-36. The score of cosmetic appearance had a relationship with many scores of the SF-36. We registered a significant relationship between the score of extent of varicosity and some scores of the SF-36. There was significant correlation between the score of complications and numerous scores of the SF-36 (physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, pain and general health). The score of pain and dysfunction, cosmetic appearance, extent of varicosity, complications and total score of the Hungarian AVVQ showed a significant difference between both groups. Conclusions: The Hungarian AVVQ was a reliable and a valid tool to assess the health-related quality of life among patients with varicose veins and was a useful tool to justify the further treatment of the patients.

Aim The aim of the study was to investigate acute and chronic effects of a two-week eccentric concentric, dynamometric training concerning the time-course changes of blood antioxidant parameters (total antioxidant capacity, catalase enzyme activity, thiol concentration), and to compare the adaptability of young and older muscle to this type of training. Methods Seventeen moderately trained young and older men participated in this research. Subjects performed six eccentric concentric exercise bouts during the training period and maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque, plasma CK and intensity of muscle soreness were determined before and 24 h after the first exercise. During five testing sessions (baseline, 24 h, 48 h, week 1, week 2) the level of blood antioxidants were measured. Results No significant changes were registered in total antioxidant capacity and catalase enzyme activity for any time points; furthermore, no difference was found between groups during the training period. However, total thiol concentrations measured two weeks after the first exercise bout significantly differed between the young and elderly groups. Plasma CK and the subjective intensity of soreness elevated significantly 24 h following the first training, while maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque decreased at the same time. Conclusions Our results do not support previous findings that chronic, short-term eccentric concentric training programs enhance the antioxidant defense of well-trained older and young men. This type and setting of exercise did not cause a different time course of changes in the markers of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in the studied population. Subjects may already have adapted to maintain constant levels of antioxidants and isometric torque due to their active lifestyle.

A rendszeres fizikai aktivitás hatására a szervezet működésében változások következnek be, melyek észlelhetőek mind a szervek szintjén, mind a testfolyadékokban molekuláris szinten is. A szervek- és szervrendszerek fiziológiás adaptációinak egy része, melyeket a dolgozatban is tárgyaltunk, a szakirodalomban már jól ismertek.A rendszeresen sportoló személyek testösszetétele optimálisabb inaktívabb társaihoz képest, alacsonyabb testzsírszázalékkal, BMI-vel rendelkeznek, és a szervezetük teljes víztartalma is nagyobb. A légzőszervrendszer funkcióját vizsgáló tesztben magasabb FEV1 és 25-75 értéket értek el, ezzel is utalva a légzőizmok hatékonyabb működésére. A sportolóknál a terhelés során mért minimális pulzusszámban és a pulzusmegnyugvás értékekben kedvezőbb eredményeket regisztráltunk, amelyek feltételezhetően az autonóm idegrendszeri alkalmazkodás és a kardiovaszkuláris adaptáció együttes következményei lehetnek. Ugyancsak az idegrendszeri adaptáció következményei az aktívabb csoportoknál észlelt szignifikánsan nagyobb RR-variabilitás értékek. Az ÁCS-nál és SCS-nál tapasztalt adaptációk következményeként, kedvezőbb fiziológiás mutatók mellett, jelentősen nagyobb fizikális teljesítményt, munkavégzést mértünk, szemben a mozgásszegény életet élő személyekkel.A korábbi kutatásokkal egybehangzóan, excentrikus edzés hatására a plazma CK enzimaktivitása 24 h-val az edzés után, míg AGP szint az első 24 h során érte el a maximális értékét. Feltételezhetően mindkét molekula kapcsolatot mutat az EIMD-vel és a későbbi gyulladásos folyamattal.Vizsgálataink során új eredményeket is kaptunk, melyeket a következő pontokban foglalhatunk össze:1.Elsőként vizsgáltuk és figyeltük meg, hogy a rendszeresen sportoló és inaktív személyeknél a maximális terhelés utáni SL szintváltozások jelentősen különböznek egymástól. Az ÁCS esetében a SL-ben két emelkedést tapasztaltunk a terhelést követő időszakban, míg a KCS SL-ben nagy egyéni variabilitást találtunk, szabályos változások nem voltak megfigyelhetőek, az ÁCS-hoz hasonló mintázat nem található. Feltételezzük, hogy az általunk felmért, a két csoport között fennálló fiziológiai különbségek (idegrendszer és szívés keringési rendszer működésében bekövetkező adaptáció, víztartalomban különbség) befolyásolják a SL-t, és részben magyarázzák annak különbségeit maximális terhelést követően.2.Elsőként írtuk le, hogy az ÁCS-ban a terhelés utáni időszakban a vérben észlelt változások a nyálban késleltetve jelennek meg, SL szintben két emelkedést tapasztaltunk a terhelést követően, és ezek alapján az ÁCS további két csoportba osztható.Az 1. csoportban a terhelést követő 1. és 8. percben, míg a 2. csoport esetében 3 perccel később, a 4. és a 12. percben figyelhető meg a SL nyugalmi szinthez viszonyított növekedése. A két csoport között csak a szívfrekvencia variabilitás értékében találtunk különbséget.A 2. csoportban mind nyugalomban, mind a terhelés során, mind azt követően egy fokozottabb szimpatikus tónus jellemző, amely együttjár a lassabb nyálszekrécióval. Ezen folyamat következménye, hogy az említett csoportnál a tejsav lassabban kerül a vérből a nyálba. Az erősebb szimpatikus tónus nagy versenyhelyzetekben nagy jelentőségű lehet, versenyek előtt sportágspecifikusan előnyös, vagy éppen hátrányos is lehet a túl nagy szimpatikus tónus. A felkészülési időszakban a SL szintjének mérése a sportoló fizikai felkészítése mellett a pszichés felkészülésnél is mérvadó lehet.3.Vizsgálataink során elsőként azonosítottunk több, a terhelés után mért SL-re ható fiziológiai paramétert. A legfontosabbak között említve a test teljes víztartalmát, a terhelés során mért maximális szívfrekvenciát, illetve a teszt során mért szívverések számát és terhelés során mért átlagos RR értéket.4.Új eredmény, hogy excentrikus edzést követően a SCS és a KCS között nem találtunk különbséget sem a mikrosérülések vérplazma markereiben, sem más EIMD mutatókban (CK, DOMS, erődeficit), szemben a korábbi kutatásokkal.

Background The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a calcium-permeable cation channel that is expressed on capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons, endothelial and inflammatory cells. It is activated by a variety of inflammatory mediators, such as methylglyoxal, formaldehyde and hydrogen sulphide. Since only few data are available about the role of TRPA1 in arthritis and related pain, we investigated its involvement in inflammation models of different mechanisms. Methods Chronic arthritis was induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), knee osteoarthritis by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) in TRPA1 knockout (KO) mice and C57Bl/6 wildtype mice. For comparison, carrageenan- and CFA-evoked acute paw and knee inflammatory changes were investigated. Thermonociception was determined on a hot plate, cold tolerance in icy water, mechanonociception by aesthesiometry, paw volume by plethysmometry, knee diameter by micrometry, weight distribution with incapacitance tester, neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity and vascular leakage by in vivo optical imaging, and histopathological alterations by semiquantitative scoring. Results CFA-induced chronic mechanical hypersensitivity, tibiotarsal joint swelling and histopathological alterations, as well as myeloperoxidase activity in the early phase (day 2), and vascular leakage in the later stage (day 7), were significantly reduced in TRPA1 KO mice. Heat and cold sensitivities did not change in this model. Although in TRPA1 KO animals MIA-evoked knee swelling and histopathological destruction were not altered, hypersensitivity and impaired weight bearing on the osteoarthritic limb were significantly decreased. In contrast, carrageenan- and CFA-induced acute inflammation and pain behaviours were not modified by TRPA1 deletion. Conclusions TRPA1 has an important role in chronic arthritis/osteoarthritis and related pain behaviours in the mouse. Therefore, it might be a promising target for novel analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs.

In theabstract, there were mistakes in the first sentence of the Results section which was incorrectly written as “MIA induced remarkably decreased thresholds of weight bearing and paw withdrawal, alterations in the tibial and femoral structures (reactive sclerosis, increased trabeculation, and cortical erosions), histopathological damage (disorganized cartilage structure, hypocellularity, decreased matrix staining and tidemark integrity, and increased synovial hyperplasia and osteophyte formation), and changes in the astrocyte and microglia density in the lumbar spinal cord.” The incorrect sentence read “All measurement timepoints for these complex protocols were chosen on the basis of our experience and data available in literature on the different pathophysiological parameters of the model (Blom et al., 2007; Baragi et al., 2009; Walsh et al., 2007a; Xie et al., 2012).” The incorrect sentence read “The most prominent MIA-induced alterations of the subchondral trabecular bone microarchitecture were bone resorption (indicated by decreased volume density and trabecular number), increased trabecular separation and pattern factor, and cortical erosions (indicated by increased open pore space volume and open porosity compared to the contralateral side) (Figures 6A–F.

Monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis (OA) is the most commonly used rodent model for testing anti-OA drug candidates. Herein, we investigated the effects of our patented multitarget drug candidate SZV-1287 (3-(4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl) propanal oxime) that is currently under clinical development for neuropathic pain and characterized the mouse model through complex functional, imaging, and morphological techniques. Knee OA was induced by intraarticular MIA injection (0.5 and 0.8 mg). Spontaneous pain was assessed based on weight distribution, referred pain by paw mechanonociception (esthesiometry), edema by caliper, neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity by luminescence, matrix metalloproteinase activity, vascular leakage and bone remodeling by fluorescence imaging, bone morphology by micro-CT, histopathological alterations by semiquantitative scoring, and glia activation by immunohistochemistry. Then, SZV-1287 (20 mg/kg/day) or its vehicle was injected intraperitoneally over a 21-day period. MIA induced remarkably decreased thresholds of weight bearing and paw withdrawal, alterations in the tibial and femoral structures (reactive sclerosis, increased trabeculation, and cortical erosions), histopathological damage (disorganized cartilage structure, hypocellularity, decreased matrix staining and tidemark integrity, and increased synovial hyperplasia and osteophyte formation), and changes in the astrocyte and microglia density in the lumbar spinal cord. There were no major differences between the two MIA doses in most outcome measures. SZV-1287 inhibited MIA-induced weight bearing reduction, hyperalgesia, edema, myeloperoxidase activity, histopathological damage, and astrocyte and microglia density. SZV-1287 may have disease-modifying potential through analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and chondroprotective effects. The MIA mouse model is valuable for investigating OA-related mechanisms and testing compounds in mice at an optimal dose of 0.5 mg.