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Certify Sustainable Aquaculture?
Certification's limited contribution to sustainable aquaculture should complement public and private governance. Aquaculture, the farming of aquatic organisms, provides close to 50% of the world's supply of seafood, with a value of U.S. $125 billion. It makes up 13% of the world's animal-source protein (excluding eggs and dairy) and employs an estimated 24 million people ( 1 ). With capture (i.e., wild) fisheries production stagnating, aquaculture may help close the forecast global deficit in fish protein by 2020 ( 2 ). This so-called “blue revolution” requires addressing a range of environmental and social problems, including water pollution, degradation of ecosystems, and violation of labor standards.
Journal Article
23 حقيقة يخفونها عنك بخصوص الرأسمالية
في هذا الكتاب يقوم أحد أبرز مفكري اليوم بتدمير المسلمات الكبرى عن العالم الذي نعيش فيه. قد يكون الرأسمالية حرية السوق عيوبها، ولكن ليس لها بديل حقيقي، وهي في نهاية الأمر تجعلنا كلنا أكثر رخاء الغرب أكثر فعالية وأحذق ماليا من العالم النامي، التكنولوجيا هي طريق التقدم بالنسبة إلى الجميع. أليس كذلك ؟، خطأ، سوف يقلب هذا الكتاب كل حكمة اقتصادية سمعتها ومسلم بها رأسا على عقب. وهو يكشف الحقيقة وراء ما يخبرونك هم به ويريك كيف يعمل النظام حقا.
Book
Simultaneous real-time PCR detection of nine prevalent sexually transmitted infections using a predesigned double-quenched TaqMan probe panel
Sexually transmitted diseases are major causes of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and premature birth. Here, we developed a new multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of nine major sexually transmitted infections (STIs) found in Vietnamese women, including Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Gardnerella vaginalis , Trichomonas vaginalis , Candida albicans , Mycoplasma hominis , Mycoplasma genitalium , and human alphaherpesviruses 1 and 2. A panel containing three tubes × three pathogens/tube was predesigned based on double-quenched TaqMan probes to increase detection sensitivity. There was no cross-reactivity among the nine STIs and other non-targeted microorganisms. Depending on each pathogen, the agreement with commercial kits, sensitivity, specificity, repeatability and reproducibility coefficient of variation (CV), and limit of detection of the developed real-time PCR assay were 99.0%–100%, 92.9%–100%, 100%, <3%, and 8–58 copies/reaction, respectively. One assay cost only 2.34 USD. Application of the assay for the detection of the nine STIs in 535 vaginal swab samples collected from women in Vietnam yielded 532 positive cases (99.44%). Among the positive samples, 37.76% had one pathogen, with G . vaginalis (33.83%) as the most prevalent; 46.36% had two pathogens, with G . vaginalis + C . albicans as the most prevalent combination (38.13%); and 11.78%, 2.99%, and 0.56% had three, four, and five pathogens, respectively. In conclusion, the developed assay represents a sensitive and cost-effective molecular diagnostic tool for the detection of major STIs in Vietnam and is a model for the development of panel detections of common STIs in other countries.
Journal Article
IPNA clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome
Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is the most frequent pediatric glomerular disease, affecting from 1.15 to 16.9 per 100,000 children per year globally. It is characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and/or concomitant edema. Approximately 85–90% of patients attain complete remission of proteinuria within 4–6 weeks of treatment with glucocorticoids, and therefore, have steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS). Among those patients who are steroid sensitive, 70–80% will have at least one relapse during follow-up, and up to 50% of these patients will experience frequent relapses or become dependent on glucocorticoids to maintain remission. The dose and duration of steroid treatment to prolong time between relapses remains a subject of much debate, and patients continue to experience a high prevalence of steroid-related morbidity. Various steroid-sparing immunosuppressive drugs have been used in clinical practice; however, there is marked practice variation in the selection of these drugs and timing of their introduction during the course of the disease. Therefore, international evidence-based clinical practice recommendations (CPRs) are needed to guide clinical practice and reduce practice variation. The International Pediatric Nephrology Association (IPNA) convened a team of experts including pediatric nephrologists, an adult nephrologist, and a patient representative to develop comprehensive CPRs on the diagnosis and management of SSNS in children. After performing a systematic literature review on 12 clinically relevant PICO (Patient or Population covered, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) questions, recommendations were formulated and formally graded at several virtual consensus meetings. New definitions for treatment outcomes to help guide change of therapy and recommendations for important research questions are given.
Journal Article
Brain endothelial cell TRPA1 channels initiate neurovascular coupling
Cerebral blood flow is dynamically regulated by neurovascular coupling to meet the dynamic metabolic demands of the brain. We hypothesized that TRPA1 channels in capillary endothelial cells are stimulated by neuronal activity and instigate a propagating retrograde signal that dilates upstream parenchymal arterioles to initiate functional hyperemia. We find that activation of TRPA1 in capillary beds and post-arteriole transitional segments with mural cell coverage initiates retrograde signals that dilate upstream arterioles. These signals exhibit a unique mode of biphasic propagation. Slow, short-range intercellular Ca 2+ signals in the capillary network are converted to rapid electrical signals in transitional segments that propagate to and dilate upstream arterioles. We further demonstrate that TRPA1 is necessary for functional hyperemia and neurovascular coupling within the somatosensory cortex of mice in vivo. These data establish endothelial cell TRPA1 channels as neuronal activity sensors that initiate microvascular vasodilatory responses to redirect blood to regions of metabolic demand.
Journal Article
The role of SLC transporters for brain health and disease
The brain exchanges nutrients and small molecules with blood via the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Approximately 20% energy intake for the body is consumed by the brain. Glucose is known for its critical roles for energy production and provides substrates for biogenesis in neurons. The brain takes up glucose via glucose transporters GLUT1 and 3, which are expressed in several neural cell types. The brain is also equipped with various transport systems for acquiring amino acids, lactate, ketone bodies, lipids, and cofactors for neuronal functions. Unraveling the mechanisms by which the brain takes up and metabolizes these nutrients will be key in understanding the nutritional requirements in the brain. This could also offer opportunities for therapeutic interventions in several neurological disorders. For instance, emerging evidence suggests a critical role of lactate as an alternative energy source for neurons. Neuronal cells express monocarboxylic transporters to acquire lactate. As such, treatment of GLUT1-deficient patients with ketogenic diets to provide the brain with alternative sources of energy has been shown to improve the health of the patients. Many transporters are present in the brain, but only a small number has been characterized. In this review, we will discuss about the roles of solute carrier (SLC) transporters at the blood brain barrier (BBB) and neural cells, in transport of nutrients and metabolites in the brain.
Journal Article
Predictive Performance of Bayesian Methods to Forecast Vancomycin Concentration for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients
Background: This study aimed to evaluate different Bayesian algorithms and the first-order pharmacokinetics (PK) equation approach for forecasting vancomycin concentrations in critically ill pediatric patients and to identify influencing factors. Methods: A cohort of 110 patients with 568 therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) blood samples was included. Three Bayesian algorithms, i.e., conventional, flattened, and weighted-flattened, using one or two historical values of either blood concentrations measured at the peak, trough, or middle (mid) of the dosing interval, were applied to forecast the concentrations of the next TDM occasion. The first-order PK approach, according to the Sawchuk–Zaske method, was used with two levels. The forecasting performance was assessed via relative bias (rBias) and relative root mean squared error (rRMSE) between the forecasted and observed levels. A linearmixed-effects model was employed to identify potential influencing factors on the rBias and rRMSE. Results: All methods showed negative rBias values of less than −20% and had relatively similar rRMSE of about 40%. First-order PK had lower bias than the conventional and flattened Bayesian algorithm (−10% vs. −15%), but higher bias than the weighted-flattened Bayesian algorithm (rBias −5%). Multivariate analysis using the linear mixed-effects model revealed that the type of forecasting algorithms significantly impacted the predictability. The weighted-flattened Bayesian algorithm significantly improved the rBias by 12.660% (95% CI: 10.131–15.194, p-value < 0.001) and decreased the rRMSE by 2.099% (CI 95% 3.779–0.418, p-value = 0.014) compared to the conventional Bayesian model. Either using one (mid or trough) or two concentrations in Bayesian forecasting yielded comparable rBias and rRMSE. Conclusion: The weighted-flattened Bayesian estimation method with solely one blood level is appropriate for forecasting the vancomycin concentration during therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill children.
Journal Article
A neuropathology case report of a woman with Down syndrome who remained cognitively stable: Implications for resilience to neuropathology
INTRODUCTION Aging adults with Down syndrome (DS) accumulate Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology, including amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, by age 40. METHODS We present findings from an individual with DS who remained cognitively stable despite AD neuropathology. Clinical assessments, fluid biomarkers, neuroimaging, and neuropathological examinations were conducted to characterize her condition. RESULTS Her apolipoprotein E was ε2/ε3 and genome‐wide association study data indicated mosaicism. Neuroimaging revealed stable yet elevated amyloid and moderately elevated tau levels, while neuropathology indicated intermediate AD neuropathologic change with Lewy body and cerebrovascular pathologies. The participant demonstrated stable cognitive functioning in her 60s, potentially attributed to genetic variations, cognitive resilience, and environmental enrichment. DISCUSSION These findings emphasize the complexity of AD progression in DS. Further investigation into factors influencing cognitive resilience in individuals with DS is warranted. Understanding the mechanisms underlying cognitive stability in DS could offer insights into resilience to AD neuropathology in people with DS and inform future interventions. Highlights Findings from clinical assessments, fluid biomarkers, genotyping, neuroimaging, and neuropathological examinations of an individual with Down syndrome (DS) who remained cognitively stable despite Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology are presented. Neuroimaging revealed stable yet elevated amyloid profiles and moderately elevated tau levels, while neuropathology indicated intermediate AD neuropathologic change with Lewy body and cerebrovascular pathologies. Despite the presence of AD pathology, the participant demonstrated intact cognitive functioning, potentially attributed to genetic variations, cognitive resilience, and environmental enrichment, emphasizing the complexity of AD progression in DS.
Journal Article
IVF Transfer of Fresh or Frozen Embryos in Women without Polycystic Ovaries
In this randomized trial involving women without the polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing IVF, there was no significant difference in the rate of ongoing pregnancy or live birth between a strategy of freezing all embryos versus fresh transfer.
Journal Article