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Background: Malignant solid tumors diagnosed during the first year of life represent a rare but clinically significant subgroup of pediatric cancers. Their biological behavior, treatment responses, and prognosis differ substantially from tumors diagnosed in older children due to developmental immaturity and age-related therapeutic limitations. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 88 infants diagnosed with malignant solid tumors before 12 months of age at a single tertiary center between March 2011 and March 2023. Demographic, clinical, pathological, and treatment data were collected. Overall survival (OS) was estimated by Kaplan–Meier analysis, and prognostic factors were evaluated using univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. Results: Of the 98 initially screened patients, 88 were eligible for analysis. The median age at diagnosis was 7 months, with a median follow-up of 42 months. The most common tumor locations were intra-abdominal (64.7%), brain (20.5%), and bone/soft tissue (12.5%). Neuroblastoma was the leading diagnosis (30.7%), with spontaneous regression observed in 29.6% of cases. Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) was the most frequent brain tumor (9.1%). The 5-year OS for the entire cohort was 78.3%. Brain tumors were associated with significantly higher mortality (HR 4.32, p = 0.01), while intra-abdominal tumors predicted improved survival (HR 0.31, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Infantile malignant solid tumors display heterogeneous clinical behavior and outcomes. While favorable results can be achieved in neuroblastoma and soft tissue sarcomas, brain tumors, particularly ATRT, remain a therapeutic challenge. Age-specific, risk-adapted treatment strategies and earlier detection are critical to improving survival and reducing long-term sequelae in this vulnerable population.

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is an increasingly used curative treatment for some solid tumors in children. Instead of allogeneic transplantation, the risk of developing graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is much lower after AHSCT. Although the clinical findings of auto-GVHD are mild and self-limited in most cases, rare cases may be severe and need intensive immunosuppressive treatment. Here, we present a case who underwent autologous HSCT due to relapsed neuroblastoma, developed steroid-refractory GvHD after AHSCT, and achieved remission using ruxolitinib. A 12 years old female patient was diagnosed with relapsed neuroblastoma. After metaiodobenzylguanidine treatment, AHSCT was performed, and the status of the disease was a very good partial response at the time of transplantation. Our patient was diagnosed with severe and steroid-refractory GvHD with skin involvement after AHSCT. We used ruxolitinib with extracorporeal photopheresis because of the essential side effects of the other drugs and got a very good response. Over the following five months, there was no recurrence of GvHD. She was in complete remission of neuroblastoma after two years of AHSCT. It is crucial to keep in mind that GvHD may develop after AHSCT. Ruxolitinib is an effective treatment for GvHD also after AHSCT. Further studies and case reports are needed to understand the disease’s pathogenesis and regulate appropriate treatment.

Wilms’ tumour is a renal tumour mostly seen during the first 5 years of life and it accounts for 95% of renal malignancies during childhood. Its origin is primitive metanephric cells and, very rarely, it may occur in places other than the kidneys. The estimated rate of nephroblastoma outside the kidneys is approximately 0.5 to 1% of Wilms’ tumour cases. In this article, we report on a 3-year-old female patient who first presented with spinal dysraphism and a mass in the lumbar spinal cord with a histopathological diagnosis of nephrogenic rest, and after one year, a Wilms tumour arose in this location. This is a very rare extrarenal Wilms’ tumour location. Here, we report on a case with immature renal cells located in the lumber spinal cord associated with spinal dysraphism and the development of Wilms’ tumour there after one year.

Later, Chanarin and Dorfman demonstrated that the condition involved defective intracellular triglyceride metabolism, with lipid accumulation in leukocytes, hepatocytes, and other cell types (1). To date, around 120 cases of CDS have been reported in the literature, with higher prevalences found in regions such as the Mediterranean and Middle East, where consanguineous marriages are more common (1). Besides cutaneous manifestations, systemic involvement is frequent, including hepatomegaly, elevated transaminases (AST/ALT), steatosis, cataract, nystagmus, strabismus, sensorineural hearing loss, mental retardation, and myopathy (1, 4). Authorship Contributions Surgical and Medical Practices: B.T.T., Ö.D., Concept: B.T.T., Design: B.T.T., Data Collection or Processing: B.T.T., Ö.D., Analysis or Interpretation: B.T.T., Ö.D., Literature Search: B.T.T., Ö.D., Writing: B.T.T. Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Purpose Children under 3 years old represent a notable portion, about 25 to 30%, of all central nervous system tumor (CNS) cases. Their clinical course, prognosis, and treatment significantly differ from older children. This single-center retrospective study aims to comprehensively analyze survival factors in children under three diagnosed with CNS tumors. Methods Between April 2012 and December 2023, cases under 3 years of age with CNS tumors diagnosed at our center were retrospectively evaluated. Results Among 279 CNS tumor cases, 42 (15%) were evaluated. The 5-year overall and event-free survival rates were 67.4% (95% CI 47.5–81.1) and 39.8% (95% CI 24.2–55.0), respectively. Gender, symptom onset to diagnosis time, pathological neurological findings at diagnosis, and tumor location did not significantly impact survival ( p  > 0.05). However, cases with neurological symptoms showed significantly higher event-free survival rates ( p  < 0.05). Patients with embryonal tumors, metastases, inability for total surgical excision, relapsed/progressive diseases, and who under 1 year old had significantly lower survival rates ( p  < 0.05). Radiotherapy timing did not affect survival ( p  > 0.05). Event-free survival rates remained unchanged after the third year. Conclusion The current treatments have been observed to have a positive impact on survival rates. Nonetheless, there is a need for novel treatments for patients with embryonal tumors, metastases, aged under 1 year, and those where total surgical excision is not feasible or in cases with progressive/relapse disease. This study underscores the importance of the first 3 years regarding relapse, progression, or mortality risk.