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"Tabor, Nancy"
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We are a rainbow
Simple text and illustrations explore some of the similarities and differences that a child recognizes after moving to the United States from a Spanish-speaking country.
Book
Ecological countermeasures to prevent pathogen spillover and subsequent pandemics
Substantial global attention is focused on how to reduce the risk of future pandemics. Reducing this risk requires investment in prevention, preparedness, and response. Although preparedness and response have received significant focus, prevention, especially the prevention of zoonotic spillover, remains largely absent from global conversations. This oversight is due in part to the lack of a clear definition of prevention and lack of guidance on how to achieve it. To address this gap, we elucidate the mechanisms linking environmental change and zoonotic spillover using spillover of viruses from bats as a case study. We identify ecological interventions that can disrupt these spillover mechanisms and propose policy frameworks for their implementation. Recognizing that pandemics originate in ecological systems, we advocate for integrating ecological approaches alongside biomedical approaches in a comprehensive and balanced pandemic prevention strategy.
In this Perspective, the authors discuss the importance of preventing zoonotic spillover to prevent pandemics. They highlight mechanisms by which environmental changes can enable spillover, identify ecological interventions for spillover prevention and suggest policy frameworks through which interventions can be implemented.
Journal Article
The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project
Genome-wide association studies have identified thousands of loci for common diseases, but, for the majority of these, the mechanisms underlying disease susceptibility remain unknown. Most associated variants are not correlated with protein-coding changes, suggesting that polymorphisms in regulatory regions probably contribute to many disease phenotypes. Here we describe the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, which will establish a resource database and associated tissue bank for the scientific community to study the relationship between genetic variation and gene expression in human tissues.
Journal Article
Histologic and Quality Assessment of Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Research Samples: A Large Postmortem Tissue Collection
The National Institutes of Health Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project was developed to elucidate how genetic variation influences gene expression in multiple normal tissues procured from postmortem donors.
To provide critical insight into a biospecimen's suitability for subsequent analysis, each biospecimen underwent quality assessment measures that included evaluation for underlying disease and potential effects introduced by preanalytic factors.
Electronic images of each tissue collected from nearly 1000 postmortem donors were evaluated by board-certified pathologists for the extent of autolysis, tissue purity, and the type and abundance of any extraneous tissue. Tissue-specific differences in the severity of autolysis and RNA integrity were evaluated, as were potential relationships between these markers and the duration of postmortem interval and rapidity of death.
Tissue-specific challenges in the procurement and preservation of the nearly 30 000 tissue specimens collected during the GTEx project are summarized. Differences in the degree of autolysis and RNA integrity number were observed among the 40 tissue types evaluated, and tissue-specific susceptibilities to the duration of postmortem interval and rapidity of death were observed.
Ninety-five percent of tissues were of sufficient quality to support RNA sequencing analysis. Biospecimens, annotated whole slide images, de-identified clinical data, and genomic data generated for GTEx represent a high-quality and comprehensive resource for the scientific community that has contributed to its use in approximately 1695 articles. Biospecimens and data collected under the GTEx project are available via the GTEx portal and authorized access to the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes; procedures and whole slide images are available from the National Cancer Institute.
Journal Article
Histologie and Quality Assessment of Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Research Samples: A Large Postmortem Tissue Collection
(Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2025;149:217-232; doi: 10.5858/ arpa.2023-0467-OA) The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project launched in 2010 as a National Institutes of Health (NIH) Common Fund study that aimed to (1) create a reference of gene expression across \"normal\" human tissues and (2) elucidate how genetic variation influences gene expression. Since the initial RNA sequencing of more than 1000 samples from the GTEx pilot phase,2 2057 data access requests to dbGap from established researchers have been authorized, and 1695 manuscripts utilizing GTEx data have been published and indexed in PubMed. Available evi-dence suggests that postmortem interval (PMI), the duration of time between death and tissue preservation, may adversely affect DNA integrity,7 RNA integrity7-9 mRNA levels,8 micro RNA levels,10 pH in brain tissue,11 and ultrastructural morpho-logic details that are indicative of autolysis severity (cellular destruction by intracellular enzymes).12,13 However, the timing and magnitude of PMI-associated effects remain unclear given that other studies have reported an absence of effect14-17 or tis-sue-specific effects.18-20 A comprehensive picture of PMI effects has proved elusive as individual studies differ from one another in the tissues examined, sample sizes, and PMI ranges investi-gated. Any of the following resulted in exclusion from the study: a diagnosis of metastatic cancer; treatment with che-motherapy or radiation for cancer or any other condition within 2 years of death; a blood transfusion within 48 hours of death; active sepsis; exposure to human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodefi-ciency syndrome (HTV7AIDS), hepatitis C virus, or hepatitis B virus within the 5 years preceding death, including intravenous drug use, or repeated positive reactive screening tests for HV-l or HV-2 antibod-ies; an inconsistency between documented and geneticaUy confirmed sex; and a documented or geneticaUy confirmed severe congenital pathologie disorder or condition.
Journal Article
Histologic and Quality Assessment of Genotype-Tissue Expression
* Context.--The National Institutes of Health Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project was developed to elucidate how genetic variation influences gene expression in multiple normal tissues procured from postmortem donors. Objective.--To provide critical insight into a biospecimen's suitability for subsequent analysis, each biospecimen underwent quality assessment measures that included evaluation for underlying disease and potential effects introduced by preanalytic factors. Design.--Electronic images of each tissue collected from nearly 1000 postmortem donors were evaluated by board-certified pathologists for the extent of autolysis, tissue purity, and the type and abundance of any extraneous tissue. Tissue-specific differences in the severity of autolysis and RNA integrity were evaluated, as were potential relationships between these markers and the duration of postmortem interval and rapidity of death. Results.--Tissue-specific challenges in the procurement and preservation of the nearly 30 000 tissue specimens collected during the GTEx project are summarized. Differences in the degree of autolysis and RNA integrity number were observed among the 40 tissue types evaluated, and tissue-specific susceptibilities to the duration of postmortem interval and rapidity of death were observed. Conclusions.--Ninety-five percent of tissues were of sufficient quality to support RNA sequencing analysis. Biospecimens, annotated whole slide images, de-identified clinical data, and genomic data generated for GTEx represent a high-quality and comprehensive resource for the scientific community that has contributed to its use in approximately 1695 articles. Biospecimens and data collected under the GTEx project are available via the GTEx portal and authorized access to the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes; procedures and whole slide images are available from the National Cancer Institute. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2025;149:217-232; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2023-0467-OA)
Journal Article
Correction: Corrigendum: Synchronized age-related gene expression changes across multiple tissues in human and the link to complex diseases
Aging is one of the most important biological processes and is a known risk factor for many age-related diseases in human. Studying age-related transcriptomic changes in tissues across the whole body can provide valuable information for a holistic understanding of this fundamental process. In this work, we catalogue age-related gene expression changes in nine tissues from nearly two hundred individuals collected by the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. In general, we find the aging gene expression signatures are very tissue specific. However, enrichment for some well-known aging components such as mitochondria biology is observed in many tissues. Different levels of cross-tissue synchronization of age-related gene expression changes are observed, and some essential tissues (e.g., heart and lung) show much stronger “co-aging” than other tissues based on a principal component analysis. The aging gene signatures and complex disease genes show a complex overlapping pattern and only in some cases, we see that they are significantly overlapped in the tissues affected by the corresponding diseases. In summary, our analyses provide novel insights to the co-regulation of age-related gene expression in multiple tissues; it also presents a tissue-specific view of the link between aging and age-related diseases.
Journal Article
Assessment of Markers of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in a Japanese Adult Population
Latent-class analysis was used to evaluate the usefulness of markers of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in characterizing the true, underlying infection in a community-based Japanese population. Antibodies to HCV were detected in 24%, HCV RNA in 22%, and HCV core protein in 19% of stored serum samples from 372 adults. A 2-class model suggested that positive results for any 2 virus markers defined the current HCV infection class, with an estimated prevalence of 22% (95% confidence interval, 18%–26%). The sensitivity for detection of current HCV infection was highest for anti-HCV (97%) and was more moderate for HCV RNA (91%) and HCV core protein (85%). The specificity for each marker was ⩾96%. In general, the association between demographic factors and current HCV infection status was strengthened by use of latent-class analysis that combined data for markers of HCV infection, when compared with results of logistic regression analysis for each marker separately
Journal Article
