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Using a stratospheric zonal wind data archive of radiosonde observations at equatorial stations for 1953–2008, this study investigates whether or not signals of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) vary with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. The signals of the QBO are represented by trajectories in a phase space spanned by time series of two leading modes of wind variability. Two properties of the trajectories, distance from the origin and time rate of change in argument, which are proxies for amplitude and phase progression rate of the QBO, respectively, are first examined in relation to seasons and QBO phases. The examination confirms known features of the QBO including the so‐called seasonal locking and more regular phase propagation for the westerly phase. A further comparison of the properties between cold and warm ENSO conditions (La Niña and El Niño, respectively) reveals unprecedented evidence of clear variations of the QBO with ENSO: the QBO signals exhibit weaker amplitude and faster phase propagation for El Niño conditions. Such variations are also supported by a composite analysis of zonal wind anomalies. We also discuss a possible connection of the ENSO‐associated changes in the QBO with those in equatorial wave activity.

Time-resolved hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (trHAXPES) is established using the x-ray free-electron laser SACLA. The technique extends time-resolved photoemission into the hard x-ray regime and, as a core-level spectroscopy, combines element and atomic-site specificity and sensitivity to the chemical environment with femtosecond time resolution and bulk (sub-surface) sensitivity. The viability of trHAXPES using 8 keV x-ray free-electron-laser radiation is demonstrated by a systematic investigation of probe and pump pulse-induced vacuum space-charge effects on the V 1s emission of VO2 and the Ti 1s emission of SrTiO3. The time and excitation energy dependencies of the measured spectral shifts and broadenings are compared to the results of N-body numerical simulations and simple analytic (mean-field) models. Good agreement between the experimental and calculated results is obtained. In particular, the characteristic temporal evolution of the pump pulse-induced spectral shift is shown to provide an effective means to determine the temporal overlap of pump and probe pulses. trHAXPES opens a new avenue in the study of ultrafast atomic-site specific electron and chemical dynamics in materials and at buried interfaces.

Resonant X-ray diffraction (RXD) uses X-rays in the vicinity of a specific atomic absorption edge and is a powerful technique for studying symmetry breaking by motifs of various multipole moments, such as electric monopoles (charge), magnetic dipoles (spin) and electric quadrupoles (orbital). Using circularly polarized X-rays, this technique has been developed to verify symmetry breaking effects arising from chirality, the asymmetry of an object upon its mirroring. Chirality plays a crucial role in the emergence of functionalities such as optical rotatory power and multiferroicity. Here we apply spatially resolved RXD to reveal the helix chirality of Dy 4 f electric quadrupole orientations and its domain structure in DyFe 3 (BO 3 ) 4 , which shows a reversible phase transition into an enantiomorphic space-group pair. The present study provides evidence for a helix chiral motif of quadrupole moments developed in crystallographic helix chirality. In addition to the structural chirality of materials, there has recently been a rise in interest in the chirality arising from their magnetic and electronic structure. Using a spatially resolved resonant X-ray diffraction technique, a helical arrangement of the Dy 4 f quadrupole moments in the ferroborate system DyFe 3 (BO 3 ) 4 is uncovered.

In the rapidly growing field of spintronics, simultaneous control of electronic and magnetic properties is essential, and the perspective of building novel phases is directly linked to the control of tuning parameters, for example, thickness and doping. Looking at the relevant effects in interface-driven spintronics, the reduced symmetry at a surface and interface corresponds to a severe modification of the overlap of electron orbitals, that is, to a change of electron hybridization. Here we report a chemically and magnetically sensitive depth-dependent analysis of two paradigmatic systems, namely La 1− x Sr x MnO 3 and (Ga,Mn)As. Supported by cluster calculations, we find a crossover between surface and bulk in the electron hybridization/correlation and we identify a spectroscopic fingerprint of bulk metallic character and ferromagnetism versus depth. The critical thickness and the gradient of hybridization are measured, setting an intrinsic limit of 3 and 10 unit cells from the surface, respectively, for (Ga,Mn)As and La 1− x Sr x MnO 3 , for fully restoring bulk properties. Surface versus bulk effects in electronic structure of spintronics materials are crucial to their applications but are yet well understood. Here the authors experimentally determine the critical thickness that defines the crossover of electron hybridization between surface and bulk for two prototype spintronics materials.

Poleward‐moving auroral forms (PMAF), the ionospheric signatures of flux transfer events (FTEs), are intermittent phenomena observed in the cusp during negative interplanetary magnetic field intervals. Previous meridian scanning photometer‐based observations showed that the distribution of the separation time between successive PMAFs is maximum at ∼3.5 min. In this paper we present initial results from a new high‐sensitivity all‐sky imager, which was set up at Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway in October 2011. The 630.0‐nm all‐sky images taken with a time resolution of 4 s reveal that one of the PMAFs that occurred with such typical separation times on 29 December 2011 comprises two consecutive auroral bursts—the first occurring in the PMAF immediately after it was seen and the second, ∼2 min later, following almost the same route. This observation provides evidence that one PMAF could reflect double FTEs—there is not always a one‐to‐one correspondence between FTEs and PMAFs. Reconnection on the dayside magnetopause would be modulated with a period of ∼2 min during the course of transient reconnection. Key Points We found a PMAF event that comprises two consecutive auroral bursts inside The second burst occurs ~2 min later, following almost the same route There is not always a one‐to‐one correspondence between FTEs and PMAFs

Extent of resection needed to treat lung cancer has long been an issue. The sole randomised controlled trial, reported by the Lung Cancer Study Group, advised against limited resection as standard surgery even for small peripheral non-small-cell lung cancers (⩽3 cm), because of frequent local recurrences. Elsewhere, conflicting results have been reported from different institutions. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of reported studies to compare survival of stage I patients between limited resection and standard lobectomy. A MEDLINE web search for computer-archived bibliographic data yielded 14 articles suitable for analysis. Combined survival differences (survival rate with lobectomy minus that with limited resection) at 1, 3, and 5 years after resection according to the DerSimonian–Laird random effects model were 0.7% (95% CI, −0.8 to 2.1; P =0.3659), 1.9% (95% CI, −3.7 to 7.4; P =0.5088), and 3.6% (95% CI, −0.4 to 10.5; P =0.3603), respectively. None of these survival differences were significant, indicating that survival after limited resection for stage I lung cancer was comparable to that after lobectomy. However, since interstudy heterogeneity was detected, caution is required in interpretation of the results.

In this paper, we focus on the development of intelligent construction vehicles to improve the safety of workers in construction sites. Generally, global navigation satellite system positioning is utilized to obtain the position data of workers and construction vehicles. However, construction fields in urban areas have poor satellite positioning environments. Therefore, we have developed a 3D sensing unit mounted on a construction vehicle for worker position data acquisition. The unit mainly consists of a multilayer laser scanner. We propose a real-time object measurement, classification and tracking methodology with the multilayer laser scanner. We also propose a methodology to estimate and visualize object behaviors with a spatial model based on a space subdivision framework consisting of agents, activities, resources, and modifiers. We applied the space subdivision framework with a geofencing approach using real-time object classification and tracking results estimated from temporal point clouds. Our methodology was evaluated using temporal point clouds acquired from a construction vehicle in drilling works.

Background: It is thought that overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) might compromise patient survival, presumably by promoting tumour growth by an autocrine mechanism. However, conflicting results have been reported from various laboratories, and the clinical importance of EGFR overexpression remains unsettled. Methods: A meta-analysis of previous studies was performed to quantitatively review the effects of EGFR overexpression on survival in patients with NSCLC using a DerSimonian-Laird random effects model. Eighteen studies including 2972 patients were subjected to final analysis. Results: Overall, positivity for EGFR overexpression differed between histological types: 39% in adenocarcinomas, 58% in squamous cell carcinomas, 38% in large cell carcinomas, and 32% in cancers in a miscellaneous category (p<0.0001). The combined hazard ratio (HR) was 1.14 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.34; p = 0.103), indicating that EGFR overexpression has no significant impact on survival. When only the 15 immunohistochemistry based studies were considered, the combined HR was 1.08 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.28; p = 0.356), again suggesting that EGFR overexpression has no impact on survival. Heterogeneity testing indicated that there was heterogeneity between studies but publication bias was absent, which suggests that the summary statistics obtained may approximate the actual average. Conclusions: EGFR overexpression was not associated with poorer survival in patients with NSCLC. Specific mutations of the EGFR gene will need further study in terms of survival implications.

Gurney flap (GF) is well-known that one of the most attractive plain flaps because of the simple configuration and actually effective in improving lift of the airfoil. Many studies were conducted but the effects of GF on the various airfoil types need to be further investigated. This study aimed to clarify the effect of GF in case of the Supercritical airfoil, SC-0414 airfoil. The Ansys Fluent software is used to perform the flow simulations. The result in airfoil baseline is compared with the experiment result obtaining from wind tunnel testing. The flow simulations focus on analyzing the lift coefficient when increasing the height of Gurney flaps. The velocity of the simulations, as well as the experiment is U = 12 m/s and the Reynolds number Re is 1.6 × 105. In the smoke wind tunnel, the flow field are clearly observed by smoke lines. The lift coefficient results of the flow simulations show the similar qualitative trend as the conventional airfoil model with Gurney flap.

In this study, we determined the characteristics of mesospheric wave structures over South Pole Station (90°S) derived from sodium airglow imaging observations. During the winter months of 2003 to 2005 (105 nights), we extracted a total of 768 wave events and separated them into two types (band‐type gravity waves and ripples) according to their horizontal wavelengths. The distributions of the observed wave parameters, except for the horizontal propagation directions, were similar to those obtained by imaging observations at other latitudes. The observed gravity waves showed a preference for propagation toward 30°–60°E and 210°–240°E, whereas the ripples showed a preference for motion toward 90°–120°E and 300°–330°E. The gravity waves had a weak tendency of being observed in 0100–0700 UT, although the ripples did not show such a time dependence. We also investigated the characteristics of atmospheric instabilities from the alignment of the phase fronts of the observed ripples. Key Points This study shows the first investigation of mesospheric waves at the South Pole The observed waves showed clear preferential propagation directions Characteristics of atmospheric instabilities were inferred from the waves