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"Talbot, Ian"
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A history of modern South Asia : politics, states, diasporas
\"Noted historian Ian Talbot has written a new history of modern South Asia that considers the Indian Subcontinent in regional rather than in solely national terms. A leading expert on the Partition of 1947, Talbot focuses here on the combined history of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh since 1757 and specifically on the impact of external influences on the local peoples and cultures. This text explores the region's colonial and postcolonial past, and the cultural and economic Indian reaction to the years of British authority, thus viewing the transformation of modern South Asia through the lens of a wider world\"--Publisher description.
Book
Legacies of Partition for India and Pakistan
South Asia’s political and socio-economic landscape has been greatly transformed in the seven decades since India and Pakistan achieved their independence. Nonetheless, many features are only explicable with reference to the legacies of the 1947 Partition. This essay traces these legacies with respect to ethnic and religious nationalism, state construction and the contrasting trajectories with respect to democratic consolidation. It argues that while the recent scholarship has acknowledged the enduring presence of the Partition on the lives of refugees and their descendants, accounts of its ongoing impact on statecraft are less developed. It is only when such legacies are analyzed that a fuller understanding is possible both of domestic developments and of the enduring rivalry between the two states.
Journal Article
Region, religion, and locality: revisiting Punjab politics and the Unionist Party, 1923–1947
This article revisits a series of articles published in the early 1980s on Punjab politics in the pre-partition decade that grew out of my thesis ‘The Growth of the Muslim League in the Punjab’ which was supervised by Francis Robinson. It initially locates the publications in the existing literature, before assessing the extent to which subsequent research has enriched academic understanding. The article concludes with some brief reflections on the conceptualisation of the Unionist Party's power-sharing as a form of consociationalism.
Journal Article
The type of somatic mutation at APC in familial adenomatous polyposis is determined by the site of the germline mutation: a new facet to Knudson's 'two-hit' hypothesis
APC
is often cited as a prime example of a tumor suppressor gene. Truncating germline and somatic mutations (or, infrequently, allelic loss) occur in tumors in FAP (familial adenomatous polyposis). Most sporadic colorectal cancers also have two
APC
mutations
1
. Clues from attenuated polyposis
2
,
3
,
4
, missense germline variants with mild disease
5
,
6
and the somatic mutation cluster region (codons 1,250–1,450)
1
,
7
,
8
indicate, however, that
APC
mutations might not result in simple loss of protein function. We have found that FAP patients with germline
APC
mutations within a small region (codons 1,194–1,392 at most) mainly show allelic loss in their colorectal adenomas, in contrast to other FAP patients, whose 'second hits' tend to occur by truncating mutations in the mutation cluster region. Our results indicate that different
APC
mutations provide cells with different selective advantages, with mutations close to codon 1,300 providing the greatest advantage. Allelic loss is selected strongly in cells with one mutation near codon 1,300. A different germline–somatic
APC
mutation association exists in FAP desmoids.
APC
is not, therefore, a classical tumor suppressor. Our findings also indicate a new mechanism for disease severity: if a broader spectrum of mutations is selected in tumors, the somatic mutation rate is effectively higher and more tumors grow.
Journal Article
APC Mutations Are Sufficient for the Growth of Early Colorectal Adenomas
It is not clear whether APC mutations are sufficient for early colorectal adenomas to grow or whether additional mutations at other loci are required. We previously have screened 210 early colorectal adenomas from familial adenomatous polyposis patients for mutations and allelic loss at APC. Here, we determined whether allelic loss at APC had any effect on the nearby α -catenin gene. However, loss on 5q in familial adenomatous polyposis adenomas rarely extended as far as α -catenin, and no differences in α -catenin protein expression were found in tumors that showed loss encompassing both APC and α -catenin. We then screened all 210 tumors for mutations at candidate loci other than APC (K-ras, β -catenin, and allelic loss at 1p33-p35 and 1p36) and for microsatellite instability (MSI). Each of these loci has been implicated previously in early colorectal tumorigenesis. One tumor harbored a β -catenin mutation and another MSI, but none showed K-ras mutation or allelic loss at 1p33-p35 or 1p36. These data support the following hypotheses derived from sporadic colorectal tumors: β -catenin mutations are generally an alternative to mutations at APC, MSI is not usually an early phenomenon in colorectal tumorigenesis, and K-ras mutations are more typical of large- and moderate-sized adenomas. Contrary to some previous reports, chromosome 1p allelic loss is infrequent in very early adenomas. APC mutations are generally sufficient for colorectal tumors to grow to about 1-cm diameter, although chance mutations at other loci can provide these early colorectal adenomas with a selective advantage, and some colorectal tumors may develop along a pathway not involving APC.
Journal Article
Legacies of the Partition for India and Pakistan
South Asia’s political and socio-economic landscape has been greatly transformed in the seven decades since India and Pakistan achieved their independence. Nonetheless, many features are only explicable with reference to the legacies of the 1947 Partition. This essay traces these legacies with respect to ethnic and religious nationalism, state construction and the contrasting trajectories with respect to democratic consolidation. It argues that while the recent scholarship has acknowledged the enduring presence of the Partition on the lives of refugees and their descendants, accounts of its ongoing impact on statecraft are less developed. It is only when such legacies are analyzed that a fuller understanding is possible both of domestic developments and of the enduring rivalry between the two states.
Journal Article
Expression Profiling of Proliferation and Apoptotic Markers along the Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patients
Introduction. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients have a germline mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. The APC protein interacts with beta-catenin, resulting in the activation of the Wnt signalling pathway. This results in alterations in cell proliferation and apoptosis. We investigated the expression of beta-catenin and related proliferation and apoptotic factors in FAP patients, exploring the expression along the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Methods. The expression of beta-catenin, p53, bcl-2, cyclin-D1, caspase-3, CD10, and Ki-67 proteins was studied by immunohistochemistry in samples of colonic nonneoplastic mucosa (n=71), adenomas (n=152), and adenocarcinomas (n=19) from each of the16 FAP patients. Results. The expression of beta-catenin, caspase-3, cyclin-D1, and Ki-67 was increased in both adenomas and carcinomas in FAP patients, compared with normal mucosa. p53 and CD10 expression was only slightly increased in adenomas, but more frequently expressed in carcinomas. Bcl-2 expression was increased in adenomas, but decreased in carcinomas. Conclusion. This is the first study investigating collectively the expression of these molecules together in nonneoplastic mucosa, adenomas, and carcinomas from FAP patients. We find that beta-catenin and related proliferative and apoptotic factors (cyclin-D1, bcl-2, caspase-3, and Ki-67) are expressed early in the sequence, in adenomas. However, p53 and CD10 are often expressed later in the sequence, in carcinomas.
Journal Article
Punjabi Refugees’ Rehabilitation and the Indian State: Discourses, Denials and Dissonances
Studies of Punjabi partition-related refugee resettlement have revealed a gap between official accounts and those provided by migrants. The former seek to legitimize the state by narrating its role in the transformation of helpless refugees into productive citizens. First hand accounts on the other hand frequently write the state out of the rehabilitation process. This paper seeks firstly to illustrate these processes at work by contrasting the narrative account contained in the Government of India publication, The Story of Rehabilitation, with interview material collected amongst former refugees. It then goes on to reveal the presence of state agency in cases of rehabilitation, despite refugee denial. Finally, it explores the refugee-state tensions arising from migrants’ experience of local level bureaucratic and police services’ corruption, which goes some way towards explaining the narrative dissonances.
Journal Article