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Herbicide Resistance: Managing Weeds in a Changing World
Over the years, several agricultural interventions and technologies have contributed immensely towards intensifying food production globally. The introduction of herbicides provided a revolutionary tool for managing the difficult task of weed control contributing significantly towards global food security and human survival. However, in recent times, the successes achieved with chemical weed control have taken a turn, threatening the very existence we have tried to protect. The side effects of conventional farming, particularly the increasing cases of herbicide resistance agricultural weeds, is quite alarming. Global calls for sustainable weed management approaches to be used in food production is mounting. This paper provides detailed information on the molecular biological background of herbicide resistant weed biotypes and highlights the alternative, non-chemical weed management methods which can be used to prevent the development and spreading of herbicide-resistant weeds.
Journal Article
Predicting structural material degradation in advanced nuclear reactors with ion irradiation
Swelling associated with the formation and growth of cavities is among the most damaging of radiation-induced degradation modes for structural materials in advanced nuclear reactor concepts. Ion irradiation has emerged as the only practical option to rapidly assess swelling in candidate materials. For decades, researchers have tried to simulate the harsh environment in a nuclear reactor in the laboratory at an accelerated rate. Here we present the first case in which swelling in a candidate alloy irradiated ~ 2 years in a nuclear reactor was replicated using dual ion irradiation in ~ 1 day with precise control over damage rate, helium injection rate, and temperature and utilize physical models to predict the effects of radiation in reactors. The capability to predict and replicate the complex processes surrounding cavity nucleation and growth across many decades of radiation dose rate highlights the potential of accelerated radiation damage experiments. More importantly, it demonstrates the capability to predict the swelling evolution and the possibility to predict other features of the irradiated microstructure evolution that control material property degradation required to accelerate the development of new, radiation-tolerant materials.
Journal Article
Harnessing Genomics and Transcriptomics to Combat PVY Resistance in Potato: From Gene Discovery to Breeding Applications
Potato virus Y (PVY) is a major threat to global potato production, causing yield losses of nearly 90%. This emphasizes the urgent need to explore the genetic factors underlying resistance mechanisms. Developments in transcriptomics and plant genomes have shed significant light on the genetic underpinnings of PVY resistance. This review summarizes current knowledge on PVY biology and structure, its impacts, key hypersensitive resistance (HR) and extreme resistance (ER) genes and their associated molecular markers, genomic strategies for discovering resistance genes and improving resistance breeding, and challenges. Genetic resistance is a key strategy for controlling PVY, primarily through HR and ER, which are governed by specific genes: the Ny gene for HR and the Ry gene for ER. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance has increased significantly due to the advancement of high-throughput sequencing methods, including RNA and whole-genome sequencing. More than 10 PVY resistance genes have been identified in potato, including well-characterized ER genes such as Rysto, Ry-fsto, Ryadg, Rychc, and Ry(o)phu, as well as HR genes such as Ny-1, Ny-2, and Ny-Smira, which are discussed in this review. Transcriptomic analyses have revealed the involvement of small RNAs and other regulatory molecules in modulating resistance responses. Transcriptomic studies have also identified 6071 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in potato cultivars infected with PVY, highlighting strong defense responses influenced by strain, cultivar, and environmental conditions. The identification of these resistance genes facilitates the development of PVY-resistant cultivars through marker-assisted selection and gene pyramiding, offering significant opportunities to enhance PVY management and promote sustainable potato production under the challenges posed by climate change.
Journal Article
Common Ragweed—Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.: A Review with Special Regards to the Latest Results in Protection Methods, Herbicide Resistance, New Tools and Methods
Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) has been identified as one of the most harmful invasive weed species in Europe due to its allergenic pollen and competitive growth in diverse habitats. In the first part of this review [Common Ragweed—Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.: A Review with Special Regards to the Latest Results in Biology and Ecology], its biological characteristics and ecological behavior were described in detail. In the current paper, control strategies are summarized, focusing on integrated weed management adapted to the specific habitat where the species causes damage—arable land, semi-natural vegetation, urban areas, or along linear infrastructures. A range of management methods is reviewed, including agrotechnical, mechanical, physical, thermal, biological, and chemical approaches. Particular attention is given to the spread of herbicide resistance and the need for diversified, habitat-specific interventions. Among biological control options, the potential of Ophraella communa LeSage, a leaf beetle native to North America, is highlighted. Furthermore, innovative technologies such as UAV-assisted weed mapping, site-specific herbicide application, and autonomous weeding robots are discussed as environmentally sustainable tools. The role of legal regulations and pollen monitoring networks—particularly those implemented in Hungary—is also emphasized. By combining traditional and advanced methods within a coordinated framework, effective and ecologically sound ragweed control can be achieved.
Journal Article
Common Ragweed—Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.: A Review with Special Regards to the Latest Results in Biology and Ecology
Weeds are responsible for a significant proportion of agricultural production losses. Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) has become the dominant weed in much of the northern hemisphere over the last century and is projected to further expand northward with climate warming. Not only does it cause damage to agriculture, but it also poses a significant human health risk. With the increasing number of Ambrosia artemisiifolia, around 44 million more people will suffer from ragweed pollen-induced pollinosis in the future just in Europe. The following review provides an overview of the most important and recent research findings on the spread, morphology, life cycle, importance and damage, allelopathic effects, habitat and environmental requirements of common ragweed. These characteristics of the species may explain its success and, based on this knowledge, allow the development of methods for its control.
Journal Article
Expansion of Capsicum annum fruit is linked to dynamic tissue-specific differential expression of miRNA and siRNA profiles
Small regulatory RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have emerged as important transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators controlling a wide variety of physiological processes including fruit development. Data are, however, limited for their potential roles in developmental processes determining economically important traits of crops. The current study aimed to discover and characterize differentially expressed miRNAs and siRNAs in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) during fruit expansion. High-throughput sequencing was employed to determine the small regulatory RNA expression profiles in various fruit tissues, such as placenta, seed, and flesh at 28 and 40 days after anthesis. Comparative differential expression analyses of conserved, already described and our newly predicted pepper-specific miRNAs revealed that fruit expansion is accompanied by an increasing level of miRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression. Accordingly, ARGONAUTE1 protein, the primary executor of miRNA-mediated regulation, continuously accumulated to an extremely high level in the flesh. We also identified numerous pepper-specific, heterochromatin-associated 24-nt siRNAs (hetsiRNAs) which were extremely abundant in the seeds, as well as 21-nt and 24-nt phased siRNAs (phasiRNAs) that were expressed mainly in the placenta and the seeds. This work provides comprehensive tissue-specific miRNA and siRNA expression landscape for a developing pepper fruit. We identified several novel, abundantly expressing tissue- and pepper-specific small regulatory RNA species. Our data show that fruit expansion is associated with extensive changes in sRNA abundance, raising the possibility that manipulation of sRNA pathways may be employed to improve the quality and quantity of the pepper fruit.
Journal Article
Balanced measures on compact median algebras
We initiate a systematic investigation of group actions on compact median algebras via the corresponding dynamics on their spaces of measures. We show that a probability measure which is invariant under a natural push forward operation must be a uniform measure on a cube and use this to show that every amenable group action on a locally convex compact median algebra fixes a sub-cube.
Journal Article
Correction: Expansion of Capsicum annum fruit is linked to dynamic tissue-specific differential expression of miRNA and siRNA profiles
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200207.].
Journal Article
Expansion of Capsicum annuum fruit is linked to dynamic tissue-specific differential expression of miRNA and siRNA profiles
Small regulatory RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have emerged as important transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators controlling a wide variety of physiological processes including fruit development. Data are, however, limited for their potential roles in developmental processes determining economically important traits of crops. The current study aimed to discover and characterize differentially expressed miRNAs and siRNAs in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) during fruit expansion. High-throughput sequencing was employed to determine the small regulatory RNA expression profiles in various fruit tissues, such as placenta, seed, and flesh at 28 and 40 days after anthesis. Comparative differential expression analyses of conserved, already described and our newly predicted pepper-specific miRNAs revealed that fruit expansion is accompanied by an increasing level of miRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression. Accordingly, ARGONAUTE1 protein, the primary executor of miRNA-mediated regulation, continuously accumulated to an extremely high level in the flesh. We also identified numerous pepper-specific, heterochromatin-associated 24-nt siRNAs (hetsiRNAs) which were extremely abundant in the seeds, as well as 21-nt and 24-nt phased siRNAs (phasiRNAs) that were expressed mainly in the placenta and the seeds. This work provides comprehensive tissue-specific miRNA and siRNA expression landscape for a developing pepper fruit. We identified several novel, abundantly expressing tissue- and pepper-specific small regulatory RNA species. Our data show that fruit expansion is associated with extensive changes in sRNA abundance, raising the possibility that manipulation of sRNA pathways may be employed to improve the quality and quantity of the pepper fruit.
Journal Article