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\"Competitiveness study at the sub-national level covering all 34 economies and five regions in Greater China Regional development strategies from an academic perspective, with the aim to help achieve sustainable and balanced growth throughout Greater China Asia Competitiveness Institute's other competitiveness studies on ASEAN, Indonesia and India enable cross-country comparisons\"-- Provided by publisher.

Progress over the past decades in water confinement has generated a variety of polymers and porous materials. However, most studies are based on a preconception that small hydrophobic pores eventually repulse water molecules, which precludes the exploration of hydrophobic microporous materials for water confinement. Here, we demonstrate water confinement across hydrophobic microporous channels in crystalline covalent organic frameworks. The frameworks are designed to constitute dense, aligned and one-dimensional polygonal channels that are open and accessible to water molecules. The hydrophobic microporous frameworks achieve full occupation of pores by water via synergistic nucleation and capillary condensation and deliver quick water exchange at low pressures. Water confinement experiments with large-pore frameworks pinpoint thresholds of pore size where confinement becomes dominated by high uptake pressure and large exchange hysteresis. Our results reveal a platform based on microporous hydrophobic covalent organic frameworks for water confinement. Research on water confinement in small hydrophobic pores remains scarce because of a preconception that small hydrophobic pores repulse water molecules. Here, the authors demonstrate water confinement across hydrophobic microporous channels in crystalline covalent organic frameworks.

Kidney diseases remain one of the leading causes of human death and have placed a heavy burden on the medical system. Regulated cell death contributes to the pathology of a plethora of renal diseases. Recently, with in-depth studies into kidney diseases and cell death, a new iron-dependent cell death modality, known as ferroptosis, has been identified and has attracted considerable attention among researchers in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases and therapeutics to treat them. The majority of studies suggest that ferroptosis plays an important role in the pathologies of multiple kidney diseases, such as acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease, and renal cell carcinoma. In this review, we summarize recently identified regulatory molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis, discuss ferroptosis pathways and mechanisms of action in various kidney diseases, and describe the protective effect of ferroptosis inhibitors against kidney diseases, especially AKI. By summarizing the prominent roles of ferroptosis in different kidney diseases and the progress made in studying ferroptosis, we provide new directions and strategies for future research on kidney diseases. In summary, ferroptotic factors are potential targets for therapeutic intervention to alleviate different kidney diseases, and targeting them may lead to new treatments for patients with kidney diseases.

Chiral conjugated polymer has promoted the development of the efficient circularly polarized electroluminescence (CPEL) device, nevertheless, it remains a challenge to develop chiral polymers with high electroluminescence performance. Herein, by the acceptor copolymerization of axially chiral biphenyl emitting skeleton and benzophenone, a pair of axially chiral conjugated polymers namely R‐PAC and S‐PAC are synthesized. The target polymers exhibit obvious thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) activities with high photoluminescence quantum yields of 81%. Moreover, the chiral polymers display significant circularly polarized luminescence features, with luminescence dissymmetry factor (|glum|) of nearly 3 × 10−3. By using the chiral polymers as emitters, the corresponding circularly polarized organic light‐emitting diodes (CP‐OLEDs) exhibit efficient CPEL signals with electroluminescence dissymmetry factor |gEL| of 3.4 × 10−3 and high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 17.8%. Notably, considering both EQEmax and |gEL| comprehensively, the device performance of R‐PAC and S‐PAC is the best among all the reported CP‐OLEDs with chiral conjugated polymers as emitters. This work provides a facile approach to constructing chiral conjugated TADF polymers and discloses the potential of axially chiral conjugated luminescent skeletons in architecting high‐performance CP‐OLEDs. Axially chiral conjugated polymers with thermally activated delayed fluorescence features are synthesized by copolymerizing chiral unit and benzophenone acceptor. By using the obtained polymers as emitters, high‐performance solution‐processed circularly polarized organic light‐emitting diodes are fabricated featuring efficient circularly polarized electroluminescence properties with the maximum external quantum efficiency and dissymmetry factor of up to 17.8% and 3.4 × 10‐3, respectively.

Mitochondria are essential organelles that play critical roles in energy metabolism, apoptosis and various cellular processes. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondria are also involved in cancer development and progression. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR mt ) is a complex cellular process that is activated when the protein-folding capacity of the mitochondria is overwhelmed. The core machinery of UPR mt includes upstream regulatory factors, mitochondrial chaperones and proteases. These components work together to eliminate misfolded proteins, increase protein-folding capacity, and restore mitochondrial function. Recent studies have shown that UPR mt is dysregulated in various cancers and contributes to tumor initiation, growth, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Considering the pivotal role of the UPR mt in oncogenesis, numerous compounds and synthetic drugs targeting UPR mt -related components induce cancer cell death and suppress tumor growth. In this review, we comprehensively summarize recent studies on the molecular mechanisms of UPR mt activation in C. elegans and mammals and elucidate the conceptual framework, functional aspects, and implications of the UPR mt for cancer therapy. In summary, we paint a developmental landscape of the UPR mt in different types of cancer and offer valuable insights for the development of novel cancer treatment strategies by targeting the UPR mt .

This study optimized the TADF feature of axial chiral enantiomers through precise donor engineering, and multicolor CP-TADF was achieved in the axial chiral framework. Three pairs of axial enantiomers with donor-regulated TADF feature, namely ( R/S )- TPCBD , ( R/S )- DPCBD , and ( R/S )- DPACBD , were synthesized by introducing carbazole donors with different substituents onto biphenyl cyanide acceptors. As the electron-donating ability of donors increases, the emission of these axial enantiomers ranges from 455,476 to 552 nm, their singlet-triplet energy gaps (Δ E ST ) gradually decrease from 0.30,0.22 to 0.02 eV, accompanied by an increasement in the transition rate ( k RISC ) of RISC process, and the k RISC of DPACBD could reach up to 7.16 × 10 5 s −1 . These axial enantiomers also exhibit mirror-image CD and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties. Moreover, OLEDs based on TPCBD, DPCBD , and DPACBD as emitter were then fabricated, which displayed blue, green, and orange electroluminescence with EQE max of 13.0%, 16.4%, and 25.0%, respectively. The results also exhibited a phenomenon of device efficiency increasing with the enhancement of donor abilities. Notably, the CP-OLEDs using ( R/S )- TPCBD , ( R/S )- DPCBD and ( R/S )- DPACBD as emitters displayed intense CPEL signals with g EL values of 3.4 × 10 −3 /−4.1 × 10 −3 , 3.2 × 10 −3 /−3.1 × 10 −3 and 2.3 × 10 −3 /−2.1 × 10 −3 , respectively. By convenient molecular engineering of donor regulation in the same molecular skeleton, CP-TADF materials with multicolor CPEL and improved device performance could be conveniently achieved.

The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR mt ) is an evolutionarily conserved protective transcriptional response that maintains mitochondrial proteostasis by inducing the expression of mitochondrial chaperones and proteases in response to various stresses. The UPR mt -mediated transcriptional program requires the participation of various upstream signaling pathways and molecules. The factors regulating the UPR mt in Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans ) and mammals are both similar and different. Cancer cells, as malignant cells with uncontrolled proliferation, are exposed to various challenges from endogenous and exogenous stresses. Therefore, in cancer cells, the UPR mt is hijacked and exploited for the repair of mitochondria and the promotion of tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we systematically introduce the inducers of UPR mt , the biological processes in which UPR mt participates, the mechanisms regulating the UPR mt in C. elegans and mammals, cross-tissue signal transduction of the UPR mt and the roles of the UPR mt in promoting cancer initiation and progression. Disrupting proteostasis in cancer cells by targeting UPR mt constitutes a novel anticancer therapeutic strategy.

We present precise photometric estimates of stellar parameters, including effective temperature, metallicity, luminosity classification, distance, and stellar age, for nearly 26 million stars using the methodology developed in the first paper of this series, based on the stellar colors from the Stellar Abundances and Galactic Evolution Survey (SAGES) Data Release 1 and Gaia Early Data Release 3. The optimal design of stellar-parameter sensitive uv filters by SAGES has enabled us to determine photometric-metallicity estimates down to −3.5, similar to our previous results with the SkyMapper Southern Survey (SMSS), yielding a large sample of over five million metal-poor ([Fe/H] ≤ −1.0) stars and nearly one million very metal-poor ([Fe/H] ≤ −2.0) stars. The typical precision is around 0.1 dex for both dwarf and giant stars with [Fe/H] > −1.0, and 0.15–0.25/0.3–0.4 dex for dwarf/giant stars with [Fe/H] < −1.0. Using the precise parallax measurements and stellar colors from Gaia, effective temperature, luminosity classification, distance, and stellar age are further derived for our sample stars. This huge data set in the Northern sky from SAGES, together with similar data in the Southern sky from SMSS, will greatly advance our understanding of the Milky Way, in particular its formation and evolution.

Despite recent progress in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment, treatment outcomes remain poor, mainly because of treatment resistance or toxicity. Erastin is a ferroptosis inducer that has shown promising cytotoxic effects in various types of cancers, including NSCLC. Celastrol is a triterpene extracted from the Tripterygium wilfordii that exhibits potential anticancer activity. However, the side effects of celastrol are severe and limit its clinical application. Combination therapy is a promising strategy to overcome the compensatory mechanisms and unwanted off‐target effects. In the present study, we found that erastin synergized with celastrol to induce cell death at nontoxic concentrations. The combined treatment with celastrol and erastin significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, and promoted mitochondrial fission. Furthermore, cotreatment with erastin and celastrol initiated ATG5/ATG7‐dependent autophagy, PINK1/Parkin‐dependent mitophagy, and the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in an HSF1‐dependent manner. HSF1 knockdown further enhanced cell death in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Our findings indicate that the combination of celastrol with erastin may represent a novel therapeutic regimen for patients with NSCLC and warrants further clinical evaluation. Combination therapy is a promising strategy for NSCLC to overcome the compensatory mechanisms and unwanted off‐target effects. Here, we found that the combination of celastrol and erastin synergistically inhibited NSCLC cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inducing ROS generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial fission, and mitophagy. Our data provide a conceptual framework for the development of a novel strategy for combined treatment utilizing erastin and celastrol.

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has been integrated into the management of gastric cancer (GC) as a combined approach for addressing peritoneal metastasis, serving both prophylactic and therapeutic roles following GC surgery. The pivotal decision regarding HIPEC administration typically arises intraoperatively, creating a complex clinical scenario where family caregivers must act as surrogate decision-makers under substantial time constraints. This decision-making process proves particularly challenging due to limited understanding of the procedure's risk-benefit profile and long-term outcomes among nonmedical surrogates, challenges often exacerbated by the acute stress of the surgical environment. This qualitative study aims to explore how family caregivers of patients with GC navigate the HIPEC decision-making process, specifically examining the facilitators, challenges, and the role of information acquisition that shape the shared decision-making mode. This study adopted a qualitative approach using semistructured interviews; 15 family caregivers of patients with GC in a major tertiary hospital in Guangxi Province were selected as research objects through a purposive sampling method. Participants were asked to comment on their experience of surrogate decision-making for the HIPEC process. The Colaizzi 7-step method was used to analyze and summarize the themes. The mean age of the 15 participants was 39.8 (SD 13.29, range 20-68) years, and all patients were on average aged 56.7 (SD 10.78, range 36-74) years. The relationship to the patient was distributed as follows: 33% (5/15) spouses, 60% (9/15) children, and 6% (1/15) other relatives. Four major themes emerged from the data analysis: (1) shared decision-making participation mode (doctor-led passive decision-making and doctor-family shared decision-making); (2) decision-information sources (decision-making information came from medical-care personnel, decision-making information came from the internet, and decision-making information came from acquaintances); (3) challenges in the decision-making process (financial burden and anticipated therapeutic efficacy); and (4) facilitator in the decision-making process (positive health beliefs and cultural dimensions of perceived responsibility: a Confucian perspective). HIPEC decision-making by family caregivers of patients with GC was primarily passive decision-making, and many obstacles and facilitators were encountered in the process. Medical staff should share information and encourage and guide family caregivers to participate in the decision-making process through decision assistance or decision support.