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شي جين بينغ : حول الحكم والإدارة
ترجع أهمية هذا الكتاب، وما حظي به من إقبال دولي كبير خارج الصين إلى ثلاثة عوامل رئيسية هامة. الأول : أنه يتحدث عن الدولة التي أصبحت محط أنظار العالم خلال الفترة الأخيرة، فالكتاب يسلط الضوء على النظريات الهامة والقضايا الواقعية لتنمية الصين في العصر الجديد، ويفتح نافذة للمجتمع الدولي لتعزيز معرفته وفهمه للمفهوم الصيني للتنمية وطريق التنمية وسياسات الصين الداخلية والخارجية. العامل الثاني، يتمثل في شخصية مؤلف الكتاب، وهو الرئيس شي جين بينغ، الذي لفت أنظار العالم بفضل سماته الشخصية الصادقة والودية منذ المؤتمر الثامن عشر للحزب الشيوعي الصيني، إذ تركت أقواله وأفعاله انطباعا عميقا لدى المجتمع الدولي. وبصفته أعلى قائد للصين حزبا ودولة، فقد ألقى الرئيس شي كلمات كثيرة حول حوكمة الدولة وإدارة شؤونها، طرح فيها الكثير من الأفكار والنظريات والاستنتاجات الجديدة، وأجاب عن المسائل النظرية والواقعية الهامة حول تطور الحزب والدولة في الظروف التاريخية الجديدة. وعرض بصورة مركزة مفهوم حوكمة الدولة واستراتيجية تنفيذ الحكم للجماعة القيادية الجديدة للجنة المركزية للحزب الشيوعي الصيني. وبالتالي فإن قراءة هذا الكتاب تساعد على فهم أفكار الرئيس شي حول حكم البلاد وإدارة شؤونها، بجانب التعرف على سمات وخصائص شخصيته من تواضع وتسامح وثقة بالنفس وأدب جم ورغبة في خدمة الشعب. أما العامل الثالث، فيتمثل في تنوع المفاهيم التي يحتوي عليها الكتاب، فهو يضم العديد من المفاهيم المتقدمة حول حكم البلاد وإدارة شؤونها، والتي لا تقتصر فائدتها وتأثيراتها على التنمية في الصين فقط، وإنما تمتد أيضا إلى التنمية في دول العالم الأخرى. القراءة المتفحصة لعناوين الفصول الثمانية عشر التي يضمها الكتاب بين دفتيه وما تضمنه من أفكار ومفاهيم قيمة، تجعلنا نستنتج أن ثمة ركيزتين رئيسيتين يركز عليهما الرئيس شي في سبيل تحقيق ليس فقط حلم الصين للنهضة العظيمة للأمة الصينية، وإنما أيضا تحقيق الرفاه والسعادة لدول وشعوب العالم.
Book
Health effects and externalities of the popularization of sanitary toilets: evidence from Rural China
Background
This study aimed to assess the impact of the increased prevalence of sanitary toilets in rural areas on the health of rural residents, and whether the popularity thereof has a positive externality. This study investigates whether the broader use of sanitary toilets has had a positive effect on the health of people who do not have access to them.
Methods
Data from the China Family Panel Studies from 2012 to 2014 and a two-way fixed effect model were used to investigate the relationship between the prevalence of village sanitary toilets and the health of rural residents of all ages.
Results
The results showed that: (1) the increase in the prevalence of sanitary toilets in villages is conducive to improving the health level of rural residents; (2) the widespread adoption of sanitary toilets in rural areas has improved the health of not only residents with access to these toilets but also residents without access; (3) the health of children is more sensitive to improvements in sanitary conditions of toilets; and (4) there are significant regional differences in the impact of the popularity of sanitary toilets on the health of rural residents.
Conclusions
This study found that the popularity of sanitary toilets has externalities, improving not only the health of residents who use them but also the health of other residents. This study enriches the literature in the field of health effects of sanitation improvement, while providing a reference for developing countries to further enhance the living environment in rural areas. In the future, the popularization of sanitary toilets should be vigorously promoted to reduce the incidence of diseases.
Journal Article
Sport policy in China
\"Acknowledging China's established status as a global sporting superpower, this is the first book to systematically investigate sport policy in that country. With a focus on sport development in the most recent three decades, Sport Policy in China explores a wide range of topics in Chinese sport, including elite sport development, professional sports, major sports events, sport for all, the political context within which sport is interiorised and the distinctive sporting status of Hong Kong. It examines the debates around policy, globalisation, diplomacy and soft power, as well as the significance of the principle of 'one country, two systems'. With international appeal, this book is a valuable resource for students and researchers in the fields of sport policy, sport management, sport development and sport sociology\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Tactile perception of pleasantness in relation to perceived softness
The sense of touch allows us to infer objects’ physical properties, while the same input also produces affective sensations. These affective sensations are important for interpersonal relationships and personal well-being, which raises the possibility that tactile preferences are adapted to the characteristics of the skin. Previous studies examined how physical properties such as surface roughness and temperature influence affective sensations; however, little is known about the effect of compliance (physical correlate of softness) on pleasantness. Thus, we investigated the psychophysical link between
softness
and
pleasantness
. Pieces of human skin-like rubber with different compliances were pressed against participants’ fingers. Two groups of participants numerically estimated the perceived magnitude of either pleasantness or softness. The perceived magnitude of pleasantness and softness both increased monotonically as a function of increasing object compliance, levelling off at around the end of the stimulus range. However, inter-subject variability was greater for pleasantness than for perceived softness, whereas the slope of the linear function fit to the magnitude estimates was steeper for softness than for pleasantness. These results indicate that object compliance is a critical physical determinant for pleasantness, whereas the effect of compliance on pleasantness was more variable among individuals than the effect on softness was.
Journal Article
A Validated Set of Fluorescent-Protein-Based Markers for Major Organelles in Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Eukaryotic cells share a basic scheme of internal organization featuring membrane-based organelles. The use of fluorescent proteins (FPs) greatly facilitated live-cell imaging of organelle dynamics and protein trafficking. One major limitation of this approach is that the fusion of an FP to a target protein can and often does compromise the function of the target protein and alter its subcellular localization. The optimization process to obtain a desirable fusion construct can be time-consuming or even unsuccessful. In this work, we set out to provide a validated set of FP-based markers for major organelles in the budding yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ). Out of over 160 plasmids constructed, we present a final set of 42 plasmids, the recommendations for which are backed up by meticulous evaluations. The tool set includes three colors (green, red, and blue) and covers the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and lipid droplets. The fidelity of the markers was established by systematic cross-comparison and quantification. Functional assays were performed to examine the impact of marker expression on the secretory pathway, endocytic pathway, and metabolic activities of mitochondria and peroxisomes. Concomitantly, our work constitutes a reassessment of organelle identities in this model organism. Our data support the recognition that “late Golgi” and “early endosomes,” two seemingly distinct terms, denote the same compartment in yeast. Conversely, all other organelles can be visually separated from each other at the resolution of conventional light microscopy, and quantification results justify their classification as distinct entities. IMPORTANCE Cells contain elaborate internal structures. For eukaryotic cells, like those in our bodies, the internal space is compartmentalized into membrane-bound organelles, each tasked with specialized functions. Oftentimes, one needs to visualize organelles to understand a complex cellular process. Here, we provide a validated set of fluorescent protein-based markers for major organelles in budding yeast. Yeast is a commonly used model when investigating basic mechanisms shared among eukaryotes. Fluorescent proteins are produced by cells themselves, avoiding the need for expensive chemical dyes. Through extensive cross-comparison, we make sure that each of our markers labels and only labels the intended organelle. We also carefully examined if the presence of our markers has any negative impact on the functionality of the cells and found none. Our work also helps answer a related question: are the structures we see really what we think they are?
Journal Article
Serum DSG2 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma
Background: Exploration of serum biomarkers for early detection of upper gastrointestinal cancer is required. Here, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic potential of serum desmoglein-2 (DSG2) in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma (EJA). Methods: Serum DSG2 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 459 participants including 151 patients with ESCC, 96 with EJA, and 212 healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate diagnostic accuracy. Results: Levels of serum DSG2 were significantly higher in patients with ESCC and EJA than those in healthy controls (P<0.001). Detection of serum DSG2 demonstrated an area under the ROC curve (AUC) value of 0.724, sensitivity of 38.1%, and specificity of 84.8% for the diagnosis of ESCC in the training cohort, and AUC 0.736, sensitivity 58.2%, and specificity 84.7% in the validation cohort. For diagnosis of EJA, measurement of DSG2 provided a sensitivity of 29.2%, a specificity of 90.2%, and AUC of 0.698. Similar results were observed for the diagnosis of early-stage ESCC (AUC 0.715 and 0.722, sensitivity 36.3 and 50%, and specificity 84.8 and 84.7%, for training and validation cohorts, respectively) and early-stage EJA (AUC 0.704, sensitivity 44.4%, and specificity 86.9%). Analysis of clinical data indicated that DSG2 levels were significantly associated with patient age and histological grade in ESCC (P<0.05). Conclusion: Serum DSG2 may be a diagnostic biomarker for ESCC and EJA.
Journal Article
La gouvernance de la Chine
\"As general secretary of the CPC Central Committee and president of the People's Republic of China, Xi Jinping has delivered many speeches on a broad range of issues. He has offered his thoughts, views and judgments, and answered a series of important theoretical and practical questions about the Party and the country in these changing times. His speeches embody the philosophy of the new central leadership. To respond to rising international interest and to enhance the rest of the world's understanding of the Chinese government's philosophy and its domestic and foreign policies, the State Council Information Office, the Party Literature Research Office of the CPC Central Committee and the China International Publishing Group have worked together to produce this book. The book is a compilation of Xi Jinping's major works from November 15, 2012 to June 13, 2014. It includes, speeches, talks, interviews, instructions, and correspondence for a total of 70 pieces. It also contains 45 pictures of Xi Jinping at work and in daily life with focus on the period since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012\"--Publisher's note.
Glycolytic Reprogramming in Myofibroblast Differentiation and Lung Fibrosis
Dysregulation of cellular metabolism has been shown to participate in several pathologic processes. However, the role of metabolic reprogramming is not well appreciated in the pathogenesis of organ fibrosis.
To determine if glycolytic reprogramming participates in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis and assess the therapeutic potential of glycolytic inhibition in treating lung fibrosis.
A cell metabolism assay was performed to determine glycolytic flux and mitochondrial respiration. Lactate levels were measured to assess glycolysis in fibroblasts and lungs. Glycolytic inhibition by genetic and pharmacologic approaches was used to demonstrate the critical role of glycolysis in lung fibrosis.
Augmentation of glycolysis is an early and sustained event during myofibroblast differentiation, which is dependent on the increased expression of critical glycolytic enzymes, in particular, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3). Augmented glycolysis contributes to the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α, a master regulator of glycolytic enzymes implicated in organ fibrosis, by increasing cellular levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate succinate in lung myofibroblasts. Inhibition of glycolysis by the PFKFB3 inhibitor 3PO or genomic disruption of the PFKFB3 gene blunted the differentiation of lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, and attenuated profibrotic phenotypes in myofibroblasts isolated from the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Inhibition of glycolysis by 3PO demonstrates therapeutic benefit in bleomycin-induced and transforming growth factor-β1-induced lung fibrosis in mice.
Our data support the novel concept of glycolytic reprogramming in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis and provide proof-of-concept that targeting this pathway may be efficacious in treating fibrotic disorders, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Journal Article