Explore the vast range of titles available.

Internet has penetrated into people’s lives as the Internet education platform has faced many changes in the way vocal music is taught in the new situation. The teaching methods set up on the Internet have also undergone dramatic changes. A number of advanced music education concepts have emerged that require a careful review of the current state of music education in the world and in China. Current online learning environments are usually used only for formal or informal learning. The former overemphasizes the subjective role of the teacher and ignores the autonomy of the learner. Through a new modern network education method, this paper deeply analyzes the unique advantages and existing problems of a new voice education method based on the Internet and puts forward corresponding solutions. Its purpose is to encourage more ordinary vocal music teachers to better understand the new teaching methods, broaden their artistic horizons, consciously use modern teaching methods to support vocal music education in ordinary schools, and further expand the scope of music application. The experimental results show that for 4000 concurrent users, the response time of the system is less than 5 seconds, which can meet the time requirements of the system. For the service of querying some other data, the response time of the system is less than 9 seconds, so the response ability of the system to multiple users is impressive. Therefore, with the development of education, comprehensive network education platform is also the development direction of informatization in the future.

In the medium access control layer (MAC) of WSN, the scheduling mechanism of nodes based on the periodical listen/sleep is an effective way of saving node energy consumption. In the case of data transmission which is not affected reduces the nodes’ proportions, we improve the protocols based on asynchronous MAC. This paper discusses a protocol which is a low duty cycle energy-efficient MAC protocol for WSN and can be adaptively updated based on the prediction nodes’ wake-up time. We call it AP-MAC protocol. In AP-MAC protocol, the nodes will not wake up or send data in the same period, and they will wake up in random time according to the algorithm that has been set. In this case, the network can avoid the problem of collision, cross-talk, etc. caused by all the nodes’ wake-up in the same time, and save more energy. To ensure the reliable transmission of network data, the node which sends data will predict the wake-up time of receiving nodes and ensure the receiving nodes wake up timely and establish a connection with sending note. At the same time, we join several adaptive update mechanisms in the network according to the dynamic changes of it. The experimental results show that the improved protocol not only can save the network energy consumption by effectively reducing the overall duty cycle of the network nodes and improving the reliable transmission of data but also can improve the adaptability of the network.

Despite the increasing number of neurotoxicological studies on metal-containing nanoparticles (NPs), the NP-induced neuroinflammation has not yet been well understood. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of inflammatory responses to two typical metal-containing NPs, namely silver NPs (Ag-NPs) and titanium dioxide NPs (TiO -NPs). Ag-NPs and TiO -NPs could translocate into the CNS through damaged blood-brain barrier, nerve afferent signaling and eye-to-brain ways, and even cell uptake. NPs could stimulate the activation of glial cells to release proinflammatory cytokines and generate reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production, resulting in the neuroinflammation. The potential mechanisms of Ag-NPs and TiO -NPs causing inflammation are complex, including several immune response relevant signaling pathways. Some parameters governing their ability to cause neuroinflammation are presented as well.

Major depressive disorder is a devastating psychiatric disease that afflicts up to 17% of the world’s population. Postmortem brain analyses and imaging studies of patients with depression have implicated basal lateral amygdala (BLA) dysfunction in the pathophysiology of depression. However, the circuit and molecular mechanisms through which BLA neurons modulate depressive behavior are largely uncharacterized. Here, in mice, we identified that BLA cholecystokinin (CCK) glutamatergic neurons mediated negative reinforcement via D2 medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and that chronic social defeat selectively potentiated excitatory transmission of the CCKBLA–D2NAc circuit in susceptible mice via reduction of presynaptic cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R). Knockdown of CB1R in the CCKBLA–D2NAc circuit elevated synaptic activity and promoted stress susceptibility. Notably, selective inhibition of the CCKBLA–D2NAc circuit or administration of synthetic cannabinoids in the NAc was sufficient to produce antidepressant-like effects. Overall, our studies reveal the circuit and molecular mechanisms of depression.Activating cannabinoid receptors in a newly identified neural circuit ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in mice.

Cardiac imaging has a pivotal role in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of ischaemic heart disease. SPECT is most commonly used for clinical myocardial perfusion imaging, whereas PET is the clinical reference standard for the quantification of myocardial perfusion. MRI does not involve exposure to ionizing radiation, similar to echocardiography, which can be performed at the bedside. CT perfusion imaging is not frequently used but CT offers coronary angiography data, and invasive catheter-based methods can measure coronary flow and pressure. Technical improvements to the quantification of pathophysiological parameters of myocardial ischaemia can be achieved. Clinical consensus recommendations on the appropriateness of each technique were derived following a European quantitative cardiac imaging meeting and using a real-time Delphi process. SPECT using new detectors allows the quantification of myocardial blood flow and is now also suited to patients with a high BMI. PET is well suited to patients with multivessel disease to confirm or exclude balanced ischaemia. MRI allows the evaluation of patients with complex disease who would benefit from imaging of function and fibrosis in addition to perfusion. Echocardiography remains the preferred technique for assessing ischaemia in bedside situations, whereas CT has the greatest value for combined quantification of stenosis and characterization of atherosclerosis in relation to myocardial ischaemia. In patients with a high probability of needing invasive treatment, invasive coronary flow and pressure measurement is well suited to guide treatment decisions. In this Consensus Statement, we summarize the strengths and weaknesses as well as the future technological potential of each imaging modality.Cardiac imaging has a pivotal role in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of ischaemic heart disease. In this Consensus Statement, the authors summarize the use of SPECT, PET, MRI, echocardiography, CT and invasive coronary flow and pressure measurement, and describe the relative strengths and weaknesses of each modality.

Magnetic resonance imaging and X-ray computed tomography provide the two principal methods available for imaging the brain at high spatial resolution, but these methods are not easily portable and cannot be applied safely to all patients. Ultrasound imaging is portable and universally safe, but existing modalities cannot image usefully inside the adult human skull. We use in silico simulations to demonstrate that full-waveform inversion, a computational technique originally developed in geophysics, is able to generate accurate three-dimensional images of the brain with sub-millimetre resolution. This approach overcomes the familiar problems of conventional ultrasound neuroimaging by using the following: transcranial ultrasound that is not obscured by strong reflections from the skull, low frequencies that are readily transmitted with good signal-to-noise ratio, an accurate wave equation that properly accounts for the physics of wave propagation, and adaptive waveform inversion that is able to create an accurate model of the skull that then compensates properly for wavefront distortion. Laboratory ultrasound data, using ex vivo human skulls and in vivo transcranial signals, demonstrate that our computational experiments mimic the penetration and signal-to-noise ratios expected in clinical applications. This form of non-invasive neuroimaging has the potential for the rapid diagnosis of stroke and head trauma, and for the provision of routine monitoring of a wide range of neurological conditions.

In this article, we study the mass spectrum of the low-lying triply heavy hybrid baryon, which consists of three valence heavy quarks in a color octet and one valence gluon, with spin-parity J P = ( 1 2 ) + via QCD sum rules. This is the first study on the triply heavy hybrid baryons in the framework of QCD sum rules. After performing the QCD sum rule analysis, we find that the mass of cccg hybrid baryon lies in M cccg = 5.91–6.13 GeV. As a byproduct, the mass of the triply bottom hybrid baryon state is extracted to be around M bbbg = 14.62–14.82 GeV. The contributions up to dimension eight at the leading order of α s (LO) in the operator product expansion are taken into account in the calculation. The triply charmed hybrid baryon predicted in this work can decay into one doubly charmed baryon and one charmed meson. Especially, we propose to search for cccg hybrid baryon with J P = ( 1 / 2 ) + in the P-wave decay channels Ξ cc + + D 0 , Ξ cc + D + , and Ξ ccs + D s + , which may be accessible in future BelleII, Super-B, PANDA, and LHCb experiments.

This paper investigates medical providers’ supply curve under universal healthcare system with global budgeting, which theory predicts to be either positive or negative sloping. Using the population data of medical providers’ services and exogenous shifted budgets in Taiwan, empirical evidence shows that the dentists and Chinese herb practitioners maintained positive sloping supply curves. Hospitals and clinics that practice Western medicine were found to have negative sloping supply curves. The latter results indicate medical providers have incentives to provide excessive services under global budgeting, even when this drives down the price of their services provided.

Background/Aims: Adipocyte-derived exosomes (ADEs) stimulate the activation of macrophages and contribute to the development of insulin resistance. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is an exosome-carrying protein and stimulates macrophages to secrete inflammatory cytokines. However, the impact of ADEs carrying Shh on the pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages and consequently, adipocyte insulin resistance is unclear. Methods: 3T3-L1 adipocytes were cultured with high glucose and insulin to imitate the pathogeny of insulin resistance. ADEs were isolated from conditioned media of 3T3-L1 adipocytes via differential ultracentrifugation. We explored the role of ADEs carrying Shh in the polarization of macrophages by flow cytometry. Western blot and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were performed to determine the activation of Shh-mediated signalling pathways. The effects of ADE-treated macrophages on adipocyte insulin signalling were studied by Western blot. Results: We found that circulating Shh-positive exosomes were increased in type 2 diabetes patients. High glucose and insulin increased the secretion of Shh-positive ADEs. The ADEs carrying Shh induced pro-inflammatory or M1 polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and RAW 264.7 macrophages. Inhibitors of Ptch and PI3K blocked the M1 polarization induced by ADEs, which suggests that ADEs carrying Shh mediated M1 macrophage polarization through the Ptch/PI3K signalling pathway. ADE-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages were subsequently used to assess the effect on insulin signalling in adipocytes. Using a co-culture assay, we showed that both ADE-treated macrophages and exosomes from these macrophages could decrease the expression of insulin-resistant substrate-1 (IRS-1) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in adipocytes. Inhibitors of Ptch and PI3K blocked the down-regulation of IRS-1 and HSL induced by ADE-treated macrophages. Conclusion: Together, these data indicate that ADEs carrying Shh induce the M1 polarization of macrophages, which contributes to insulin resistance in adipocytes through the Ptch/PI3K pathway.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common malignant cancers worldwide, and its development is influenced by inflammation, nutrition, and the immune status. Therefore, we combined C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, and lymphocyte, which could reflect above status, to be the CRP-albumin-lymphocyte (CALLY) index, and evaluated its association with overall survival (OS) in patients with CRC. The clinicopathological and laboratory characteristics of 1260 patients with CRC were collected from the Investigation on Nutrition Status and Clinical Outcome of Common Cancers (INSCOC) study. Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the association between the CALLY index and OS. A nomogram including sex, age, the CALLY index and TNM stage was constructed. The Concordance Index (C-index) was utilized to evaluate the prognostic value of the CALLY index and classical CRC prognostic factors, such as modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS), neutrocyte to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune inflammation index (SII), and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), as well as to assess the prognostic value of the nomogram and TNM stage. Multivariate Cox regression analyses demonstrated that the CALLY index was independently associated with OS in patients with CRC [Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.87-0.95, <0.001]. The CALLY index showed the highest prognostic value (C-index = 0.666, 95% CI = 0.638-0.694, <0.001), followed by mGPS, NLR, SII, and PLR. The nomogram demonstrated higher prognostic value (C-index = 0.784, 95% CI = 0.762-0.807, <0.001) than the TNM stage. The CALLY index was independently associated with OS in patients with CRC and showed higher prognostic value than classical CRC prognostic factors. The nomogram could provide more accurate prognostic prediction than TNM stage.