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The effects of oleic acid addition methods on the metabolic flux distribution of ganoderic acids R, S and T’s biosynthesis from Ganoderma lucidum were investigated. The results showed that adding filter-sterilized oleic acid in the process of submerged fermentation and static culture is of benefit to the synthesis of ganoderic acids R, S and T. The metabolic fluxes were increased by 97.48%, 78.42% and 43.39%, respectively. The content of ganoderic acids R, S and T were 3.11 times, 5.19 times and 1.44 times higher, respectively, than they were in the control group, which was without additional oleic acid. Ganoderic acids R, S and T’s synthesis pathways (GAP), tricarboxylic acid cycles (TCA), pentose phosphate pathways (PP) and glycolysis pathways (EMP) were all enhanced in the process. Therefore, additional oleic acid can strengthen the overall metabolic flux distribution of G. lucidum in a submerged fermentation-static culture and it can reduce the accumulation of the by-product mycosterol. This study has laid an important foundation for improving the production of triterpenes in the submerged fermentation of G. lucidum.

The objective of this study was to increase the intracellular polysaccharide yield of Ganoderma lucidum. The accordingly optimized fermentation medium by central composite design method contains glucose 40 g L−1, yeast powder 12 g L−1, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3 g L−1, initial pH 5.5, and inoculum size 10 mL 100 mL−1. Under this condition, the predicted value of intracellular polysaccharide yield was 2.03 g L−1. Shake flask experiments confirmed that the average intracellular polysaccharide yield was 1.98 g L−1 similar to the predicted value. The yields of intracellular polysaccharides in the 5-L and 50-L fermentors were 2.59 g L−1 and 2.65 g L−1, respectively. The molecular weight distribution of intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides obtained was determined by HPSEC-MALLS-RI. The results showed that the weight-average molecular weight of component 1 in the intracellular crude polysaccharide was 4.695 × 106 Da and the mass fraction was 58%. The weight-average molecular weight of component 2 in the extracellular polysaccharide was 5.554 × 104 Da. The mass fraction was 94.9%. The liquid submerged fermentation process of G. lucidum mycelium obtained from this study has effectively increased the yield of intracellular polysaccharides. Its intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides have good immunological activity. Conceivably, the optimized process can be applied for the large-scale production.

Ultrafiltration and a series of chromatographic steps were used to isolate and purify polysaccharides from Tremella aurantialba fruit bodies.Three crude fractions（TAP50w,TAP10-50w,and TAP1-10w）,five semi-purified fractions（TAPA-TAPE）,and one purified fraction（TAPA1） were obtained.A sulfated derivative of TAPA1（TAPA1-s） was prepared by chemical modification.The immunostimulating activity of the polysaccharide fractions in vitro was determined using the mouse spleen lymphocyte proliferation assay.Of the three crude fractions tested,cell prolifera-tion rates were increased most by TAP50w.Furthermore,TAPA1-s was markedly more stimulatory than TAPA1,indicating that sulfonation was an effective way to enhance the immunostimulating activity of polysaccharide.

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based system has been developed for generating chemical fingerprints of Lingzhi (Ganoderma). Data were evaluated statistically using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and discriminant analysis (DA) in order to classify the samples and to identify key categorizing parameters. Fifteen representative Lingzhi strains (13 Ganoderma lucidum strains and one strain each of G. sinense and G. resinaceum), were separated into three groups using HCA at a rescaled distance of 10, thereby confirming divisions based on morphological characteristics. Furthermore, the 13 G. lucidum strains were separated into three groups at a rescaled distance of 5, which was consistent with previous results based on antagonism tests. Two types of discriminant functions were generated using six selected predictor variables. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the feasibility and advantages of employing chromatographic fingerprinting, combined with HCA and DA, for the accurate identification and validation of feedstock strains used in the production of Lingzhi-based health foods and supplements.

Background Structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) studies have shown atypicalities in structural brain changes in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), while a noticeable discrepancy in their results indicates the necessity of conducting further researches. Methods The current study investigated the atypical structural brain features of autistic individuals who aged 6–30 years old. A total of 52 autistic individuals and 50 age-, gender-, and intelligence quotient (IQ)-matched typically developing (TD) individuals were included in this study, and were assigned into three based cohorts: childhood (6–12 years old), adolescence (13–18 years old), and adulthood (19–30 years old). Analyses of whole-brain volume and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) on the sMRI data were conducted. Results No significant difference was found in the volumes of whole-brain, gray matter, and white matter between the autism and TD groups in the three age-based cohorts. For VBM analyses, the volumes of gray matter in the right superior temporal gyrus and right inferior parietal lobule in the autism group (6–12 years old) were smaller than those in the TD group; the gray matter volume in the left inferior parietal lobule in the autism group (13–18 years old) was larger than that in the TD group; the gray matter volume in the right middle occipital gyrus in the autism group (19–30 years old) was larger than that in the TD group, and the gray matter volume in the left posterior cingulate gyrus in the autism group was smaller than that in the TD group. Conclusion Autistic individuals showed different atypical regional gray matter volumetric changes in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood compared to their TD peers, indicating that it is essential to consider developmental stages of the brain when exploring brain structural atypicalities in autism.

Radiation-induced acute intestinal symptoms (RIAISs) are the most relevant complication of abdominal or pelvic radiation. Considering the negative impact of RIAIS on patients’ daily activities, the preventive effects of berberine on RIAIS in patients were investigated. Thirty-six patients with seminoma or lymphomas were randomized to receive berberine oral ( n  = 18) or not ( n  = 18). Forty-two patients with cervical cancer were randomized to a trial group ( n  = 21) and control group ( n  = 21). Radiotherapy used a parallel opposed anterior and posterior. 300-mg berberine was administered orally three times daily in trial groups. Eight patients with RIAIS were treated with 300-mg berberine three times daily from the third to the fifth week. Toxicities, such as fatigue, anorexia/nausea, etc., were graded weekly according to CTC version 2.0. Patients with abdominal/pelvic radiation in the control group showed grade 1 fatigue, anorexia/nausea, colitis, vomiting, proctitis, weight loss, diarrhea and grade 2 anorexia/nausea, fatigue. Only grade 1 colitis, anorexia/nausea, and fatigue were seen in patients of abdominal radiation treated with berberine. Grade 1 fatigue, colitis, anorexia/nausea, and proctitis occurred in patients of pelvic radiotherapy treated with berberine. Pretreatment with berberine significantly decreased the incidence and severity of RIAIS in patients with abdominal/pelvic radiotherapy when compared with the patients of the control group ( P  < 0.05). RIAIS were reduced in patients with abdominal radiotherapy/pelvic radiation after receiving berberine treatment. Berberine significantly reduced the incidence and severity of RIAIS and postponed the occurrence of RIAIS in patients with abdominal or whole pelvic radiation.

Structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) studies have shown atypicalities in structural brain changes in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), while a noticeable discrepancy in their results indicates the necessity of conducting further researches. The current study investigated the atypical structural brain features of autistic individuals who aged 6-30 years old. A total of 52 autistic individuals and 50 age-, gender-, and intelligence quotient (IQ)-matched typically developing (TD) individuals were included in this study, and were assigned into three based cohorts: childhood (6-12 years old), adolescence (13-18 years old), and adulthood (19-30 years old). Analyses of whole-brain volume and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) on the sMRI data were conducted. No significant difference was found in the volumes of whole-brain, gray matter, and white matter between the autism and TD groups in the three age-based cohorts. For VBM analyses, the volumes of gray matter in the right superior temporal gyrus and right inferior parietal lobule in the autism group (6-12 years old) were smaller than those in the TD group; the gray matter volume in the left inferior parietal lobule in the autism group (13-18 years old) was larger than that in the TD group; the gray matter volume in the right middle occipital gyrus in the autism group (19-30 years old) was larger than that in the TD group, and the gray matter volume in the left posterior cingulate gyrus in the autism group was smaller than that in the TD group. Autistic individuals showed different atypical regional gray matter volumetric changes in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood compared to their TD peers, indicating that it is essential to consider developmental stages of the brain when exploring brain structural atypicalities in autism.

Although many studies have focused on abnormal patterns of brain functional connectivity in Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), one important factor, the developmental effect of brain networks was largely overlooked. To clarify the abnormal developmental trajectory of brain functional connectivity in ASD, we focused on the age-related changes in three \"core\" neurocognitive networks: default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN) and central executive network (CEN, also divided into left and right CEN, i.e., lCEN and rCEN). The development of intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) within and between these networks were analyzed in 107 Chinese participants, including children, adolescents, and adults (54 patients with ASD and 53 typically developed (TD) participants; ages 6-30 years). We found that diagnosis-related distinctions in age-related changes suggest three maturation patterns in networks' or nodes' iFC: delayed (iFC between SN and rCEN), ectopic (iFC between SN and DMN, and iFC between posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and right anterior insula/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)), and failure maturation (iFC between dACC and ventral medial prefrontal cortex). Compared with age-matched TD participants, ASD patients in children and adolescents exhibited hypo-connectivity, while that in adults showed hyper-connectivity. In addition, an independent verification based on Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) datasets confirmed our findings of developmental trajectories in ASD group, which also showed unchanged functional connectivity with age between DMN and SN and increasing iFC between rCEN and SN. The conspicuous differences in the development of three \"core\" networks in ASD were demonstrated, which may lead a nuanced understanding towards the abnormal brain network maturation trajectory of autism.