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Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as a low‐cost complementary or alternative system to prestigious lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of their similar working principle to LIBs, cost‐effectiveness, and sustainable availability of sodium resources, especially in large‐scale energy storage systems (EESs). Among various cathode candidates for SIBs, Na‐based layered transition metal oxides have received extensive attention for their relatively large specific capacity, high operating potential, facile synthesis, and environmental benignity. However, there are a series of fatal issues in terms of poor air stability, unstable cathode/electrolyte interphase, and irreversible phase transition that lead to unsatisfactory battery performance from the perspective of preparation to application, outside to inside of layered oxide cathodes, which severely limit their practical application. This work is meant to review these critical problems associated with layered oxide cathodes to understand their fundamental roots and degradation mechanisms, and to provide a comprehensive summary of mainstream modification strategies including chemical substitution, surface modification, structure modulation, and so forth, concentrating on how to improve air stability, reduce interfacial side reaction, and suppress phase transition for realizing high structural reversibility, fast Na+ kinetics, and superior comprehensive electrochemical performance. The advantages and disadvantages of different strategies are discussed, and insights into future challenges and opportunities for layered oxide cathodes are also presented. Recent progress in layered oxide cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) from air stability, interface chemistry, and phase transition are comprehensively summarized. The intrinsic degradation mechanisms behind electrochemical performance and mainstream modification strategies are systematically sorted out and analyzed. The remaining challenges, promising optimization strategies as well as endeavor directions to break current limitations are also presented for the future design of high‐performance layered oxide cathodes for SIBs.

Graphene shows unique electron-transport properties owing to the density of its carriers near the Dirac point. The quantum capacitance ( C Q ) of graphene is an intrinsic property that has been investigated theoretically in many previous studies. However, the development of C Q theory is hindered by the limited availability of related experimental works. In this perspective, experimental works on the C Q of mechanically exfoliated graphene, graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and graphene mesosponge are briefly summarized. The impact of structural properties such as stacking layers, defects, and nitrogen doping on C Q was experimentally investigated. Furthermore, the applicability of C Q theory was extended to three-dimensional graphene frameworks. Future research on CVD-synthesized and three-dimensional graphene is expected to enhance our comprehension of the underlying nature of C Q .

Under the influence of complex factors such as lighting, color distortion, and suspended solids, there is a problem of losing edge feature information and blurring edges in product appearance design images. In order to improve the clarity and visual effect of product appearance design, a visual edge feature enhancement method for product appearance design images based on an improved Retinex algorithm is proposed. By using a color correction method based on depth of field estimation, the blue tone of the product appearance design image is removed, and color correction and contrast are applied to the product appearance design image. Improve the Gray Wold algorithm and design an edge attenuation compensation method to solve the problem of edge color attenuation under noise interference, and obtain clearer product appearance design images. On the basis of clarity processing, convert the original RGB image into HSV. On the basis of the Retinex model, multi-level decomposition of brightness is carried out, and different filtering parameters are set to obtain multiple illumination and reflection images with different scale information; Using exponential function and Sigmoid function to process reflection images and illumination images separately, reducing external interference on images of different scales, and solving the difficulty of enhancing images with uneven illumination, high noise, low illumination, and loss of details. At the same time, adaptive nonlinear correction is applied to the saturation component, and the corrected saturation, brightness, and hue are fused and converted into RGB, expanding the edge grayscale feature information in various spatial domains. Improve the weights of traditional bilateral filtering methods, reduce the depth difference between information at different scales, and enhance the visual edge features of product appearance design images. The experimental results show that the proposed method enhances the image with a PCQI of 1.033, an IQE of 0.610, an IQM of 1.830, and an information entropy higher than 0.7. The above data proves that this method has a high richness of edge feature information after image enhancement, significantly improving the visual edge feature enhancement effect of product appearance design images.

Background Traditional clinical trials require tests and procedures that are administered in centralized clinical research sites, which are beyond the standard of care that patients receive for their rare and chronic diseases. The limited number of rare disease patients scattered around the world makes it particularly challenging to recruit participants and conduct these traditional clinical trials. Main body Participating in clinical research can be burdensome, especially for children, the elderly, physically and cognitively impaired individuals who require transportation and caregiver assistance, or patients who live in remote locations or cannot afford transportation. In recent years, there is an increasing need to consider Decentralized Clinical Trials (DCT) as a participant-centric approach that uses new technologies and innovative procedures for interaction with participants in the comfort of their home. Conclusion This paper discusses the planning and conduct of DCTs, which can increase the quality of trials with a specific focus on rare diseases.

The anaerobic biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is challenging due to its toxic effect on the microbes. Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), with their excellent characteristics of anodic and cathodic biofilms, can be a viable way to enhance the biodegradation of PAHs. This work assessed different cathode materials (carbon brush and nickel foam) combined with bioaugmentation on typical PAHs-naphthalene biodegradation and analyzed the inhibition amendment mechanism of microbial biofilms in MECs. Compared with the control, the degradation efficiency of naphthalene with the nickel foam cathode supplied with bioaugmentation dosage realized a maximum removal rate of 94.5 ± 3.2%. The highest daily recovered methane yield (227 ± 2 mL/gCOD) was also found in the nickel foam cathode supplied with bioaugmentation. Moreover, the microbial analysis demonstrated the significant switch of predominant PAH-degrading microorganisms from Pseudomonas in control to norank_f_Prolixibacteraceae in MECs. Furthermore, hydrogentrophic methanogenesis prevailed in MEC reactors, which is responsible for methane production. This study proved that MEC combined with bioaugmentation could effectively alleviate the inhibition of PAH, with the nickel foam cathode obtaining the fastest recovery rate in terms of methane yield.

The electrochemical properties of metal oxides are very attractive and fascinating in general, making them a potential candidate for supercapacitor application. Vanadium oxide is of particular interest because it possesses a variety of valence states and is also cost effective with low toxicity and a wide voltage window. In the present study, vanadium oxide nanorods were synthesized using a modified sol–gel technique at low temperature. Surface morphology and crystallinity studies were carried out by using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. To the best of our knowledge, the as-prepared nanorods were tested with magnesium ion based polymer gel electrolyte for the first time. The prepared supercapacitor cell exhibits high capacitance values of the order of ~ 141.8 F g −1 with power density of ~ 2.3 kW kg −1 and energy density of ~ 19.1 Wh kg −1 . The cells show excellent rate capability and good cycling stability.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common and lethal type of lung cancer, with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Immunotherapy offers hope for improving the survival and quality of life of NSCLC patients, but its efficacy depends on the tumor immune microenvironment (TME). Tissue-resident immune cells are a subset of immune cells that reside in various tissues and organs, and play an important role in fighting tumors. In NSCLC, tissue-resident immune cells are heterogeneous in their distribution, phenotype, and function, and can either promote or inhibit tumor progression and response to immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the current understanding on the characteristics, interactions, and roles of tissue-resident immune cells in NSCLC. We also discuss the potential applications of tissue-resident immune cells in NSCLC immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), other immunomodulatory agents, and personalized cell-based therapies. We highlight the challenges and opportunities for developing targeted therapies for tissue-resident immune cells and optimizing existing immunotherapeutic approaches for NSCLC patients. We propose that tissue-resident immune cells are a key determinant of NSCLC outcome and immunotherapy response, and warrant further investigation in future research.

PIK3CA gene encodes the p110α catalytic subunit of PI3K, which regulates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. PIK3CA gene mutation is one of the most common mutations in colorectal cancer (CRC), affecting about 15%–20% of CRC patients. PIK3CA gene mutation leads to the persistent activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, which promotes the proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance of CRC. This article provides a summary of the key detection methods for PIK3CA gene mutation, and provides an introduction to the existing colorectal cancer treatments and their practical applications in the clinic. Besides, this article summarizes the role and mechanism of PIK3CA gene mutation in the occurrence and development of CRC. It also explores the relationship between PIK3CA gene mutation and the clinical features and prognosis of CRC. This article focuses on the influence and mechanism of PIK3CA gene mutation on the targeted therapy and immunotherapy of CRC, and discusses the potential value and future direction of PIK3CA gene mutation in the personalized therapy of CRC. We aim to provide new perspectives and ideas for the precise diagnosis and treatment of CRC.

Objective The study aimed to assess the value of pretreatment peripheral blood neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic immune-inflammation index/albumin ratio (SII/ALB) for predicting immunotherapy prognosis and efficacy in Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treated with Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and opioids. Methods A total of 78 NSCLC patients received ICIs and opioids were retrospectively collected. The optimal cut-off values were determined by receiver operating characteristic curves. The univariate and multivariate analysis investigated the effects of NLR, PLR, and SII/ALB on patients prognosis. Results NLR and PLR had predictive value of efficacy. SII/ALB > 17.79 was an independent risk factor for worse outcomes. Conclusion PLR and SII/ALB have predictive value of efficacy, but NLR was not. SII/ALB > 17.79 suggests a poor prognosis following immunotherapy in NSCLC patients receiving ICIs and opioids.

Sunlight‐driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction provides intriguing opportunities for addressing the energy and environmental crises faced by humans. The rational combination of plasmonic antennas and active transition metal‐based catalysts, known as “antenna‐reactor” (AR) nanostructures, allows the simultaneous optimization of optical and catalytic performances of photocatalysts, and thus holds great promise for CO2 photocatalysis. Such design combines the favorable absorption, radiative, and photochemical properties of the plasmonic components with the great catalytic potentials and conductivities of the reactor components. In this review, recent developments of photocatalysts based on plasmonic AR systems for various gas‐phase CO2 reduction reactions with emphasis on the electronic structure of plasmonic and catalytic metals, plasmon‐driven catalytic pathways, and the role of AR complex in photocatalytic processes are summarized. Perspectives in terms of challenges and future research in this area are also highlighted. Plasmonic antenna‐reactor photocatalysts sustain numerous photophysical and photochemical mechanisms that facilitate CO2 photocatalysis, including resonant plasmonic energy transfer, hot carrier injection, photothermal effect, forced plasmons, and/or synergistic pathways.