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This article describes recent changes in the provision of medical information on prescription drugs in Japan. Japanese consumers are now turning to pharmaceutical manufacturers for information they cannot obtain from their health care professionals. This article provides background information on traditional information services, reasons for the rise in consumer demand for medical information, and information services put in place to respond to these consumer demands. Consumers' desire for information on their diseases and medications is going to increase as more information becomes available to them. It is recommended that the Japanese pharmaceutical industry, medical community, government, and consumer and patient advocacy groups start working together to address the issue of medical information.

We present flux-averaged charged-current \\(\\nu_\\mu\\) cross-section measurements on argon for final states containing exactly one \\(\\pi^\\pm\\) and no other hadrons except nucleons. The analysis uses data from the MicroBooNE experiment in the Booster Neutrino Beam, corresponding to \\(1.11 \\times 10^{21}\\) protons on target. Total and single-differential cross-section measurements are provided within a phase space restricted to muon momenta above 150 MeV, pion momenta above 100 MeV, and muon-pion opening angles smaller than 2.65 rad. Differential cross sections are reported with respect to the scattering angles of the muon and pion relative to the beam direction, their momenta, and their combined opening angle. The differential cross section with respect to muon momentum is based on a subset of selected events with the muon track fully contained in the detector, whereas the cross section with respect to pion momentum is based on a subset of selected events rich in pions that have not hadronically scattered on the argon before coming to rest. The latter has not been measured on argon before. The total cross section is measured as \\((3.75~\\pm~0.07~\\textrm{(stat.)}~\\pm~0.80~\\textrm{(syst.)}) \\times 10^{-38} \\, \\text{cm}^2/\\text{Ar}\\) at a mean energy of approximately 0.8 GeV. Comparisons of the measured cross sections with predictions from multiple neutrino-nucleus interaction generators show good overall agreement, except at very forward muon angles.

This work presents single-differential electron-neutrino charged-current cross sections on argon measured using the MicroBooNE detector at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The analysis uses data recorded when the Neutrinos at the Main Injector beam was operating in both neutrino and antineutrino modes, with exposures of \\(2 \\times 10^{20}\\) and \\(5 \\times 10^{20}\\) protons on target, respectively. A selection algorithm targeting electron-neutrino charged-current interactions with at least one proton, one electron, and no pions in the final topology is used to measure differential cross sections as a function of outgoing electron energy, total visible energy, and opening angle between the electron and the most energetic proton. The interaction rate as a function of proton multiplicity is also reported. The total cross section is measured as [4.1 \\(\\pm\\) 0.4 (stat.) \\(\\pm\\) 1.2 (syst.)]$ $$\\times 10^{-39} \\mathrm{cm}^{2}/ \\mathrm{nucleon}$. The unfolded cross-section measurements are compared to predictions from neutrino event generators commonly employed in the field. Good agreement is seen across all variables within uncertainties.

We report results from an updated search for neutral current (NC) resonant \\(\\Delta\\)(1232) baryon production and subsequent \\(\\Delta\\) radiative decay (NC \\(\\Delta\\rightarrow N \\gamma\\)). We consider events with and without final state protons; events with a proton can be compared with the kinematics of a \\(\\Delta(1232)\\) baryon decay, while events without a visible proton represent a more generic phase space. In order to maximize sensitivity to each topology, we simultaneously make use of two different reconstruction paradigms, Pandora and Wire-Cell, which have complementary strengths, and select mostly orthogonal sets of events. Considering an overall scaling of the NC \\(\\Delta\\rightarrow N \\gamma\\) rate as an explanation of the MiniBooNE anomaly, our data exclude this hypothesis at 94.4% CL. When we decouple the expected correlations between NC \\(\\Delta\\rightarrow N \\gamma\\) events with and without final state protons, and allow independent scaling of both types of events, our data exclude explanations in which excess events have associated protons, and do not exclude explanations in which excess events have no associated protons.

The MicroBooNE experiment is an 85 tonne active mass liquid argon time projection chamber neutrino detector exposed to the on-axis Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) at Fermilab. One of MicroBooNE's physics goals is the precise measurement of neutrino interactions on argon in the 1 GeV energy regime. Building on the capabilities of the MicroBooNE detector, this analysis identifies \\(K^{+}\\) mesons, a key signature for the study of strange particle production in neutrino interactions. This measurement is furthermore valuable for background estimation for future nucleon decay searches and for improved reconstruction and particle identification capabilities in experiments such as the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In this letter, we present the first-ever measurement of a flux-integrated cross section for charged-current muon neutrino induced \\(K^{+}\\) production on argon nuclei, determined to be 7.93 \\(\\pm\\) 3.22 (stat.) \\(\\pm\\) 2.83 (syst.) \\(\\times~10^{-42}\\;\\) cm\\(^2\\)/nucleon based on an analysis of 6.88\\(\\times10^{20}\\) protons on target. This result was found to be consistent with model predictions from different neutrino event generators within the reported uncertainties.

We present flux-averaged charged-current \\(\\nu_\\mu\\) cross-section measurements on argon for final states containing exactly one \\(\\pi^\\pm\\) and no other hadrons except nucleons. The analysis uses data from the MicroBooNE experiment in the Booster Neutrino Beam, corresponding to \\(1.11 \\times 10^{21}\\) protons on target. Total and single-differential cross-section measurements are provided within a phase space restricted to muon momenta above 150 MeV, pion momenta above 100 MeV, and muon-pion opening angles smaller than 2.65 rad. Differential cross sections are reported with respect to the scattering angles of the muon and pion relative to the beam direction, their momenta, and their combined opening angle. The differential cross section with respect to muon momentum is based on a subset of selected events with the muon track fully contained in the detector, whereas the cross section with respect to pion momentum is based on a subset of selected events rich in pions that have not hadronically scattered on the argon before coming to rest. The latter has not been measured on argon before. The total cross section is measured as \\((3.75~\\pm~0.07~\\textrm{(stat.)}~\\pm~0.80~\\textrm{(syst.)}) \\times 10^{-38} \\, \\text{cm}^2/\\text{Ar}\\) at a mean energy of approximately 0.8 GeV. Comparisons of the measured cross sections with predictions from multiple neutrino-nucleus interaction generators show good overall agreement, except at very forward muon angles.

Understanding electron neutrino interactions is crucial for measurements of neutrino oscillations and searches for new physics in neutrino experiments. We present the first measurement of the flux-averaged \\(\\nu_e\\) + \\(\\bar{\\nu}_e\\) charged current single charged pion production cross section on argon using the MicroBooNE detector and data from the NuMI neutrino beam. The total cross section is measured to be (0.93 \\(\\pm\\) 0.13 (stat.) \\(\\pm\\) 0.27 (syst.)) \\(\\times 10^{-39}\\) cm\\(^2\\)/nucleon at a mean \\(\\nu_e\\) + \\(\\bar{\\nu}_e\\) energy of 730 MeV. Differential cross sections are also reported in electron energy, electron and pion angles, and electron-pion opening angle.

This Letter presents an investigation of low-energy electron-neutrino interactions in the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam by the MicroBooNE experiment, motivated by the excess of electron-neutrino-like events observed by the MiniBooNE experiment. This is the first measurement to use data from all five years of operation of the MicroBooNE experiment, corresponding to an exposure of \\(1.11 10^21\\) protons on target, a \\(70\\%\\) increase on past results. Two samples of electron neutrino interactions without visible pions are used, one with visible protons and one without any visible protons. The MicroBooNE data show reasonable agreement with the nominal prediction, with \\(p\\)-values \\( 26.7\\%\\) when the two \\(_e\\) samples are combined, though the prediction exceeds the data in limited regions of phase space. The data is further compared to two empirical models that modify the predicted rate of electron-neutrino interactions in different variables in the simulation to match the unfolded MiniBooNE low energy excess. In the first model, this unfolding is performed as a function of electron neutrino energy, while the second model aims to match the observed shower energy and angle distributions of the MiniBooNE excess. This measurement excludes an electron-like interpretation of the MiniBooNE excess based on these models at \\(> 99\\%\\) CL\\(_s\\) in all kinematic variables.

We report a new measurement of flux-integrated differential cross sections for charged-current (CC) muon neutrino interactions with argon nuclei that produce no final state pions \\((_0)\\). These interactions are of particular importance as a topologically defined signal dominated by quasielastic-like interactions. This measurement was performed with the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber detector located at the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB), and uses an exposure of \\(1.310^21\\) protons on target collected between 2015 and 2020. The results are presented in terms of single and double-differential cross sections as a function of the final state muon momentum and angle. The data are compared with widely-used neutrino event generators. We find good agreement with the single-differential measurements, while only a subset of generators are also able to adequately describe the data in double-differential distributions. This work facilitates comparison with Cherenkov detector measurements, including those located at the BNB.

We report the first double-differential cross section measurement of neutral-current neutral pion (NC\\(\\pi^0\\)) production in neutrino-argon scattering, as well as single-differential measurements of the same channel in terms of final states with and without protons. The kinematic variables of interest for these measurements are the \\(\\pi^0\\) momentum and the \\(\\pi^0\\) scattering angle with respect to the neutrino beam. A total of 4971 candidate NC\\(\\pi^0\\) events fully-contained within the MicroBooNE detector are selected using data collected at a mean neutrino energy of \\(\\sim 0.8\\)~GeV from \\(6.4\\times10^{20}\\) protons on target from the Booster Neutrino Beam at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. After extensive data-driven model validation to ensure unbiased unfolding, the Wiener-SVD method is used to extract nominal flux-averaged cross sections. The results are compared to predictions from commonly used neutrino event generators, which tend to overpredict the measured NC\\(\\pi^0\\) cross section, especially in the 0.2-0.5~GeV/c \\(\\pi^0\\) momentum range and at forward scattering angles. Events with at least one proton present in the final state are also underestimated. This data will help improve the modeling of NC\\(\\pi^0\\) production, which represents a major background in measurements of charge-parity violation in the neutrino sector and in searches for new physics beyond the Standard Model.