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The use of immunostimulants is an effort to increase the immune system in fish. Agar and alginate are phycocoloid derived from seaweed which function as immunostimulants. Research data collection was carried out for 60 days at the Aquaculture and Toxicology Environmental Research Installation, Cibalagung - Bogor. The container used is an aquarium with a size of 60 × 40 × 50 cm, using an aeration system with a stocking density of 15 fish / aquarium. The fish used was tilapia Oreochromis niloticus with an initial weight of 4.36 ± 0.01 g. The research method used was a laboratory experimental using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The research treatment is the use of agar and or alginate in feed. Treatment A was control feed without agar or alginate; treatment B was feed containing alginate; Treatment C was feed containing agar and treatment D was feed containing agar and alginate, with 1% dose for each treatment. Parameters measured were absolute weight growth, specific growth rate, survival rate and blood profile (leukocytes and erythrocytes). The results showed that the addition of agar and or alginate to the feed did not have a significant effect on growth and survival, but had a different effect on the profile of white blood cells (leukocytes) compared to the control. Between alginate treatment (B), agar treatment (C) and agar + alginate treatment (D), agar treatment (C) showed the highest value in weight gain (10.437 ± 0.65 g), specific growth rate (3.06 ± 0.08% / day), and survival (100 ± 0.0%). Whereas for blood profile, treatment B had the highest leukocyte levels, namely 9.89 × 104 cells / mm3 and treatment C had the highest erythrocyte levels, namely 1.71 x106 cells / mm3. The conclusion of this study was that the addition of agar and/or alginate in feed did not affect the growth and survival of tilapia but was able to increase the number of fish leukocytes.

Abstract Cichlid fishes exhibit rapid adaptive radiations with significant diversification rates in response to ecological variability, i.e., ecological opportunity or geographical isolation. The discovery of a Midas cichlid species in Lake Batur, Indonesia's largest volcanic lake, first reported in 2013, could represent such adaptations. Midas cichlids can now be found in a range of habitats in Lake Batur and dominate the lake's fish population by up to 60%. This study aimed to identify the interaction between habitat, water quality, and Midas cichlid in Lake Batur, facilitating morphometric variances in the fish populations. The fish were captured at five locations in Lake Batur using fishing rods, community nets with mesh sizes of 2–3 inches, experimental gillnets with mesh sizes of 1 inch, and fish scoops in floating net cages during August and November 2022. There were 46 fish samples caught from the five stations, all photographed using a digital camera and later measured using the ZEN 2012 software. The fish measurement employed a truss morphometric method using 21 distinct morphometric body features. Canonical analysis was used to determine the distribution of characteristics, while discriminant analysis was used to examine the closeness of association. The measured water quality parameters included pH, DO, temperature, conductivity, and TDS for in-situ and TSS, TP, TN, and chlorophyll A for ex-situ. The findings revealed morphometric changes among Midas cichlid species in Lake Batur caused by habitat and water quality differences. The distinction can be detected in the anterior and posterior bodies (C1, B1, C3, C6, C5, B3 and B4). Temperature and aquatic plants, Azolla pinnata, may detect the station and shape of fish in Lake Batur. Body shape cannot be identified by chlorophyll A, TN, DO, and TDS. Future genetic research could answer why fish groups with varied body types coexist in the same location. Resumo Os peixes ciclídeos exibem radiações adaptativas rápidas com taxas de diversificação significativas em resposta à variabilidade ecológica, ou seja, oportunidade ecológica ou isolamento geográfico. A descoberta de uma espécie de ciclídeo Midas em Lago Batur, o maior lago vulcânico da Indonésia, relatada pela primeira vez em 2013, poderia representar tais adaptações. Os ciclídeos Midas agora podem ser encontrados em uma variedade de hábitats no Lago Batur, onde dominam a população de peixes em até 60%. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a interação entre hábitat, qualidade da água e ciclídeo Midas no Lago Batur, facilitando variações morfométricas nas populações de peixe. Os peixes foram capturados em cinco locais no Lago Batur usando varas de pesca, redes comunitárias com malhas de 2-3 polegadas, redes de emalhar experimentais com malhas de 1 polegada e colheres de peixe em gaiolas de rede flutuantes, durante agosto e novembro de 2022. Foram capturadas 46 amostras de peixes nas cinco estações, todas fotografadas com câmera digital e posteriormente medidas no software ZEN 2012. A medição dos peixes empregou um método morfométrico de treliça usando 21 características morfométricas distintas do corpo. A análise canônica foi utilizada para determinar a distribuição das características, enquanto a análise discriminante foi empregada para examinar a proximidade da associação. Os parâmetros de qualidade da água medidos incluíram pH, OD, temperatura, condutividade e TDS para in situ, e TSS, TP, TN e clorofila A para ex situ. As descobertas revelaram mudanças morfométricas entre as espécies de ciclídeos Midas no Lago Batur, causadas por diferenças de hábitat e qualidade da água. A distinção pode ser detectada nos corpos anterior e posterior (C1, B1, C3, C6, C5, B3 e B4). A temperatura e as plantas aquáticas, Azolla pinnata, podem detectar a estação e o formato dos peixes no Lago Batur. A forma do corpo não pode ser identificada pela clorofila A, TN, OD e TDS. Futuras pesquisas genéticas poderiam responder por que grupos de peixes com tipos corporais variados coexistem no mesmo local.

This research was conducted to optimize the performance of aquatic plants in maintaining water quality in common carp breeding. This study consisted of three treatments, namely: A. Lemna minor, B. Azolla pinnata, and C. Control (without plant) with three replications. The size of common carp juvenile used was ± 3 cm with a density of 150 individuals/m2. Feed was given ad satiation. The parameters observed were survival rate, weight, daily growth rate, water quality such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), nitrogen and phosphate reduction. The research design used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Whereas the effectiveness of aquatic plants and water quality analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the highest survival rate and productivity of common carp breeding ponds were in treatment B, namely 86% and 463.80g. The growth rates between the three treatments were not significantly different (p> 0.05), each of which was 0.08; 0.08 and 0.09 g day−1. The BOD reduction results in treatments A, B, and C, respectively 54.65, 54.65 and 52.33%. Nitrogen reduction in each treatment was (A) 67.54%; (B) 87.37%: (C) 25.27%. Furthermore, treatment A and B did not differ in the reduction of elemental P, respectively 52.68 and 55.20%, but in C the reduction was still low at 36.75%. Optimum water quality for dissolved oxygen in treatment A, B, and C respectively 7.24; 7.57 and 3.14 mg L−1. The temperature range between treatments was 24.5 - 27.2 with a pH value of 6.00 - 6.87.

Molluscicide of fentin acetate (C 20 H 18 O 2 Sn) is commonly used at the present due to effective in terms to control of molluscs in the rice field. The aims of this experiment is to determine toxicity effect of fentin acetate on growth, productivity, and blood glucose on the common carp, Cyprinus carpio cultured at rice field water. A 12 of rice field plots with size of 25m 2 each were used. The stocking density of common carp was 25 fish/m 2 for each rice plot. The culture period of the common carp was 21 days. The different fentin acetate concentration as treatments were as followed M0) without molluscicide; M1) 0.375 g/L of molluscicide; M2) 0.75 g/L of molluscicide); and M3) 1.5 g/L of molluscicide. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA with three replicates for each treatment was performed. The result showed that the treatment of molluscicide at 0.75 g/L was significantly different to the others on survival rate and productivity (p<0.05). Application of 0.75 g/L of molluscicide showed a positive correlation on blood glucose value.

Fentin acetate is used as a pesticide in rice fields to eradicate pests. Research with physiological factors approach is expected to increase the survival rate and growth performances of tilapia. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of different concentrations of fentin acetate on the biological performance and hematological characteristics of tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ). The research used 16 rice fields with a 30 m 2 each (6 x 5 m). The research design used a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications: A. 0.00 g L −1 , B. 0.375 g L −1 , C. 0.75 g L −1 and D. 1.5 g L −1 . The results showed that treatment C resulted in the best growth of tilapia. It was noted that absolute weight gain, daily growth rate and productivity were significantly different (P<0.05) with treatments A, B and D. The highest value in treatment C were 20.53 g (absolute weight gain), 5.43 (daily growth rate) and 501.58 g (productivity). The survival rate in treatments B and C were not significantly different (P>0.05) as well as treatments A and D. The concentration of molluscicide fentin acetate at a dose of 0.75 g/L affected the decrease in the hematological characteristics of tilapia.

Asian redtail catfish, Hemibagrus nemurus is one of the local species that have an economical values in Southeast Asia including Indonesia. The research aims to obtain the optimal of duckweed biomass as phytoremediation on survival, growth, stress response, and water quality dynamic of Asian redtail catfish culture. The different of duckweed, Lemna sp biomass as a treatments were as followed A) 0 gram (control); B) 20 gram; C) 40 gram; and D) 60 gram. Three replicates were performed for each treatment. 12 fiber thanks with size of 60 x 40 x 40cm were set up where each thank was stocking 50 fishes. The result showed that the Lemna sp biomass affect the survival, growth, biomass, and blood glucose (P<0.05). The absolute biomass of Lemna sp yield were also significantly different (P<0.05). Water quality dynamic during the culture such as nitrite, nitrate, total of ammonia, phosphate concentrations at the control (0 gram) was the highest compared to the others where the dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and temperature were relative constant. The Lemna sp biomass of 40 gram can be recommended as a phytoremediation for culturing seed in order to increasing productivity and keep the water quality in the optimal range.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is a major pest in rice cultivation, frequently causing severe crop losses. Traditionally, the approach to managing this problem has been predominantly reliant on synthetic insecticides, which carry substantial environmental and health hazards. The objective of this field study was to evaluate the performance of a botanical insecticide in lowering pest populations, boosting rice yield, and sustaining ecological equilibrium. METHODS: The research tested Rajam 65 emulsifiable concentrate (patent number individual development plan 00202007448), a botanical insecticide, alone and in combination with a synthetic insecticide containing buprofezin as the active ingredient. Treatments were applied four times at weekly intervals. The study included observations on pest reduction rates, improvements in rice yields, the dynamics of predator populations, and laboratory toxicity tests conducted on tilapia and common carp to determine aquatic safety. FINDINGS: Results showed that the botanical insecticide alone achieved 97 percent pest mortality, reducing the population from 16.3 to 0.73 individuals per clump and keeping infestations below the economic threshold. Following the combination treatment, pest populations were significantly reduced from 26.63 to 2.17 individuals per clump. Furthermore, there was a notable increase of 16.39 percent in rice yield as a result of the treatment. Natural predator populations, such as spiders and Cyrthorinus lividipennis, remained stable across treatments, demonstrating the insecticide's compatibility with integrated pest management systems. The results of toxicity testing showed that there is a low level of risk to aquatic species like common carp and tilapia. The 96-hour lethal concentration caused 50 percent mortalities values of the botanical insecticide for common carp and tilapia are 0.101 and 0.144 critical concentrate per liters, with toxicity units of 0.025 and 0.017, respectively. Given that these values fall below 0.3, the insecticide poses no harm and is deemed safe for fish farming in the waters of paddy fields. CONCLUSION: The botanical insecticide proved highly effective in controlling N. lugens populations while demonstrating ecological and economic benefits. By applying treatments on a weekly basis, pest populations were effectively diminished to levels far below the economic threshold, which in turn enhanced rice yield. The insecticide's sustainable attributes, including its eco-friendliness, scalability, and compatibility with integrated pest management, emphasize its potential as a viable alternative to synthetic chemicals for controlling pests in rice cultivation.

agricultural BACKGROUND sustainability AND OBJECTIVES: but remains Integrated challenged rice-fish by pest management farming (Minapadi) practices that enhances often rely on environmentally harmful synthetic insecticides. The objective of this study is to formulate and assess an environmentally friendly pest control method that employs botanical insecticides, facilitating the safe integration of rice and aquaculture while sustaining ecological balance and boosting profitability. METHODS: Field experiments were conducted in Central Java, Indonesia, with four treatments: conventional rice monoculture, Minapadi without insecticide, Minapadi with synthetic insecticides, and Minapadi with botanical insecticides (eugenol-based). Essential metrics including arthropod biodiversity, pest prevalence, fish survival, rice yield, and economic practicality were evaluated over the course of two planting seasons. FINDINGS: Results showed that Botanical insecticide treatment enhanced arthropod diversity (11 morphospecies versus 9 under synthetic treatments) while effectively reducing pest damage (less than 1 percent caterpillar damage, less than 5 percent grasshopper infestation). There were no insecticide residues found in the fish, soil, or water samples. Fish survival rates remained high at over 90 percent, and rice yields rose by 15 percent when compared to standard agricultural practices. Economically, botanical Minapadi systems improved farmers' net income by approximately 16 percent per hectare. CONCLUSION: The botanical insecticide-based Minapadi system offers a sustainable, ecofriendly approach to managing pests by leveraging plant-derived compounds that biodegrade rapidly and pose minimal risk to non-target organisms, including fish and beneficial arthropods. Utilizing these biopesticides in rice-fish farming has shown not only effective pest suppression for key rice pests but also improvements in water and soil quality, contributing to healthier fish populations and greater resilience of the entire system. Economically, the slightly higher input costs of botanical sprays were offset by improved rice yields, reduced post-harvest losses, and higher fish survival rates, resulting in significant gains in net farm income. Overall, these insights reveal the potential for expanded use of environmentally sustainable rice-fish integration, aligning with the goals of sustainable agriculture and regional food security, and offering a model that can be scaled for smallholder farmers.

Indonesian shortfin eel, Anguilla bicolor bicolor is one of the eel species that high market demand both for local and export. Feeding frequency is an important that related to production for culture. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the optimal feeding frequencies on survival and growth of shortfin eel at glass eel to elver stages cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system. Four treatments of different feeding frequencies and three replicates each were performed. The treatments were as followed A) 1 time a day; B) 2 times a day; C) 3 times a day; and D) 4 times a day. The result showed that the feeding frequency affect the survival, length and weight growths, and glucose value. The best of survival rate (82.61±3.15%), weight (1.91±0.28 g) and length (10.64±0.45cm) found at feeding frequency 3 times a day compared to the others (P<.0.05). Blood glucose value increases with increasing feeding frequency. Water quality such as dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature and pH were within the optimal range. Three times a day of feeding frequency is recommended for applying on glass eel culture in a recirculating aquaculture system.

The ability of students to determine their chosen field of expertise is still subjective, many students choose the field of expertise because their classmates choose the field of expertise not by considering their abilities and interests. This research uses the KNN classification method to determine areas of expertise that are in accordance with student expertise. The KNN method was chosen because it is a method that uses supervised algorithms where the results of new query instances are classified based on the majority of the categories in the KNN whose purpose is to classify test data based on training data. This system was tested using the confusion matrix method and the results were 98.30% of the total student data sample of 30 people.