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\"Many similarities exist between the new movements against austerity that have emerged since 2011, ranging from Taksim Square in Turkey to the Chilean student protests, and from Greece to NYC. One of them is their return to the principles of direct democracy and their organization around popular assemblies. These ideas are hardly new - Murray Bookchin, who is one of the leading anarchist thinkers of the twentieth century, has been elaborating ideas about popular assemblies for several decades that have influenced thinkers such as David Harvey. The Next Revolution brings together Bookchin's writings on popular assemblies for the first time, just as his ideas are rekindling the radical imagination worldwide\"-- Provided by publisher.

The critical care literature in the US has recently brought attention to the impact an ICU experience can have long after the patient survives critical illness, particularly if delirium was present. Current recommendations to mitigate post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) are embedded in patient and family-centered care and aim to promote family presence in the ICU, provide support for decision-making, and enhance communication with the health-care team. Evidence-based interventions are few in number but include use of an ICU diary to minimize the psychological and emotional sequelae affecting patients and family members in the months following the ICU stay. In this paper we describe our efforts to implement an ICU diary and solicit feedback on its role in fostering teamwork and communication between patients, family members, and ICU staff. Next steps will involve a PICS follow-up clinic where trained staff will coordinate specialty referrals and perform long-term monitoring of mental health and other quality of life outcomes.

The Left, both in the United States and globally, is sharply divided on questions regarding the universality or particularity of liberatory politics, the validity of critiques of religion, and the role of international solidarity. Concerns about false universality and the cynical manipulation of solidarity have translated into a generalized suspicion of these once basic left concepts. Increasingly, one set of ostensibly left commitments—anti-racism, anti-imperialism, and antimilitarism—are deployed against the values of universalism, free speech, and solidarity. Is this simply a matter of strategic differences, or does it reflect more fundamental theoretical and political disagreements that are reshaping the basic contours of left politics? This article explores this question through a Marxian analysis of left reactions to the Charlie Hebdo attack, the subsequent PEN award boycott, and the decolonial politics of Le Parti des indigènes de la République in the United States. It argues that this transformation in political culture mirrors a transformation within academia that was pioneered in the United States but is now transatlantic: the ascendance of a new constellation of critical intellectual traditions—postcolonialism, poststructuralism, Critical Whiteness Studies, and queer theory—that are highly critical of the Enlightenment, universalism, and secularism. It offers a political and theoretical critique of the assumptions undergirding contemporary postcolonial left argumentation, illustrating how they resonate with philosophical positions pioneered by the right.

Milk is a vital resource for neonates. It contains many nutritive and bioactive factors that change to match the needs of the neonate as it grows. One of the bioactive components described in milk is cytokines. Cytokines are proteins that mediate communication between cells and provide instructions that drive functions such as cell activation, differentiation, proliferation, chemotaxis, and apoptosis. Milk cytokines prepare the mammary glands for lactation, help the development of the neonatal gut, help with neonatal immunity, and involution of the mammary glands as the lactation cycle ends. During parturition and lactation, oxidant stress and inflammation can increase in the mother and be transferred to the neonate through the milk and have negative consequences on health and growth. Galactagogues are supplements that when taken by gestating and lactating mammals, can help increase milk production. Many galactagogues are antioxidants and therefore, we speculated that not only would the quantity of the milk increase but there would also be changes in the expression of milk cytokines, particularly pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the milk. The aim of this study was to investigate whether and how the consumption of teas made from either a mixture of purported galactagogues (Fenugreek, Ginger Root, Milk Thistle, Shatavari, Fennel, Blessed Thistle, and Lemon Verbena) or tea made from leaves from Moringa oleifera, a medicinal plant with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and galactagogue properties impacts milk quantity and quality specifically focusing on the expression of milk cytokines. For this study ICR mice (n=18), were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6) in each group. The first group was given water (control), the second group Moringa tea and the third group lactation boost tea starting at day 14 of gestation and the entire lactation period (21 days). There were no significant differences in the feed intake, liquid intake, or weight gain of the dams. Furthermore, there were no differences in litter weights over time between the groups. This is consistent with no differences between the estimation of milk quantity through by weigh-suckle weigh. Changes in cytokines expression in milk collected on Days 10 and 14 of lactation were observed using a mouse cytokine array. On Day 10, there were > 1.5-fold increases in cytokines IL-5 (anti-inflammatory) and IL-7 (pro-inflammatory) in both Moringa and lactation boost tea as compared to the control. Furthermore, compared to the control group, pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-2, 1β, 22, 17-A, and 12 p40 were all lower in Moringa and Lactation boost tea when compared to the control group. On Day 14, IL-23, 22, 1α, increased in Moringa and lactation boost tea groups compared to control. These data show that while the addition of these galactagogues, given as a tea, did not impact milk quantity or pup growth, there were differences in cytokine expression. This preliminary study provides a better understanding of how galactagogues impact milk production and cytokines in milk and can ultimately help uncover the role of cytokines in milk in support of mammalian mammary and neonatal health.

The Hand site is a complex Native American village site located on the Nottoway River in southeastern Virginia. Intensive excavations in the 1960s identified over 600 archaeological features, including hearths, pits, structural remains, and a complex of human and canine burials, long assumed to date to the Protohistoric period. While previous researchers emphasized the site’s ties to the colonial actors, a reexamination of the collection instead suggests the site was a geographic locus for Indigenous peoples for over a thousand years. A close attention to chronology as well as space speaks to a deep history of emplacement, whereby social memory was integral to making place.

From the alterglobalization movement to Occupy Wall Street, neoanarchist politics have become increasingly hegemonic on the North American left. During the same period, capitalism has increasingly taken up the language of social movements: sustainability, fair trade, authenticity, freedom. How did the language of the left become the language of business? This dissertation argues that the incorporation of social movement themes is constructing a “new spirit of capitalism” that addresses growing demand for an ethical lifeworld while neutralizing critique, channeling oppositional energies into systemic innovation and stabilization. It describes the rise of the prefigurative political orientation that emerged from the New Left and New Social Movements as an antiauthoritarian alternative to Marxism, and how it evolved into the neoanarchism hegemonic within the alterglobalization and Occupy Wall Street movements. Offering a critical analysis of neoanarchism, it argues that latent affinities with neoliberalism make it especially susceptible to recuperation—the incorporation of contentious movements and discourse into power—a process which constitutes an important but overlooked factor in movement demobilization as well as systemic stabilization. Charting the mutual co-construction of movements and capitalism, it describes how recuperation changes over time: whereas the anti-corporate politics of the alterglobalization movement of the late 90s was repackaged as ethical consumption, Occupy Wall Street’s antistatist politics of direct action mutual aid blurred into the self-management of neoliberal crisis articulated by conservative political groups. It demonstrates how this antistatist communitarian politics has become increasingly attractive to left and right actors alike, offering a glimpse of a potentially emergent new spirit of capitalism suited to a post-crisis era of “zombie” neoliberalism wherein social movements provide the social welfare duties abandoned by the state, legitimated by a language of democratic empowerment more palatable than austerity. Challenging common assumptions about the relationship between protest and power, this research explores how ostensibly oppositional social movements also constitute important resources for political stabilization in contemporary societies. It utilizes an interdisciplinary and mixed method approach which combines textual analysis of movement and business materials, archival research, interviews, and participant observation.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Western populations has historically been associated with poor survival. Methods: In this study, we conducted a 7-year retrospective analysis of patients with HCC undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) at our institution and examined demographics, outcomes, and complications. Results: During the period of study, 39 patients (25 male [64%], mean age 58 [range 17 to 86]) underwent a total of 78 chemoembolization treatments. During the same time period, an additional 31 patients received supportive care only. The majority of patients had late stage disease (American Joint Committee on Cancer stage III, IVa, or IVb) with no statistical difference noted between the two groups ( P = 0.2). However, patients receiving supportive care only had significantly worse hepatic dysfunction by Child’s classification ( P = 0.005). Twenty-nine patients (74%) had documented cirrhosis, with hepatitis C being the most common cause in 11 of 29 (38%). In patients undergoing TACE, overall actuarial survival was 35%, 20%, and 11% at 1, 2, and 3 years with a median survival of 9.2 months, significantly improved over the group receiving supportive care only ( P < 0.0001). Median survival for the group receiving supportive care was less than 3 months. Neither age nor stage had a significant impact on survival. The most common complications of TACE included transient nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and fever. Conclusions: TACE is a safe and effective therapeutic option for selected patients with HCC not amenable to surgical intervention.

Organ replacement via surgical transplantation represents a potentially life-saving intervention for numerous autoimmune conditions; however, the heightened immunogenicity characteristic of these autoimmune patients remains a significant barrier to long-term graft acceptance. Every year a significant number of autoimmune transplant recipients must undergo re-transplantation directly attributable to both recurrent autoimmunity and heightened allograft immunogenicity. No better is this clinical scenario modeled than the autoimmune non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a model in which no therapy has ever induced permanent transplant tolerance to islet allografts or any other allograft type in the intact NOD immune system, thereby indicating the severity of this immunologic barrier. Overall, determining the immunological barriers to successful organ tolerance in the autoimmune environment would prove invaluable. Not only would developing a mechanistic understanding of how the autoimmune environment fails to tolerate foreign allografts provide new targets for restoring graft tolerance in autoimmunity, but moreover, this knowledge would enhance the scientific community’s understanding of specific cellular and molecular pathways that govern immunological tolerance. Autoimmune pathogenesis and failures to maintain graft tolerance are in part driven by insufficiently regulated, antigen-specific T and B effector cells of the adaptive immune system. Although numerous studies have so far defined specific roles for inadequate immune regulation in driving autoimmunity and perpetuating loss of graft tolerance independently, it remains to be determined whether the failures in immune regulation that perpetuate loss of self-tolerance in autoimmunity directly contribute to an inability to later “learn” how to tolerate foreign graft tissue as self. Moreover, whether known dysregulations in T-B cell collaboration that drive different forms of autoimmunity directly contribute to an enhanced, inadequately regulated antigraft response remains to be explored. In my dissertation, I explore the specific hypothesis that dysregulated T-B cell collaboration in autoimmunity poses a stringent barrier to transplant tolerance. Using murine models of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), I define specific cellular and molecular T-B cell aberrancies in these autoimmune environments that lead to a generalized resistance to transplant tolerance. In setting the stage for my findings, I have provided background information pertinent to the immunologic mechanisms that drive the transplant response. After conducting a brief historical review of clinical transplantation in the United States, I highlight the pioneering work of basic transplant immunologists and their roles in defining the mechanisms of transplant rejection and tolerance. As T and B cells possess the unique ability to recognize graft tissue in an antigen specific manner, I mechanistically address how these cells actively reject or learn to tolerate foreign graft tissue. Finally, I review the key studies in which a generalized resistance to transplant tolerance in autoimmunity was first described while highlighting the outstanding knowledge gaps generated by these bodies of work. Overall, my findings reveal that enhancing graft-protective T Regulatory Cell function is a necessary component of restoring transplantation tolerance in the autoimmune setting. Moreover, interrupting specific pathways that enhance antigraft effector cell function may further provide a targeted means to enhance transplant tolerance in autoimmunity.

(Abstract of a Master of Archival Studies thesis at the University of British Columbia, School of Library, Archival and Information Studies). The thesis explores whether hypertext, a non-linear, associative way of structuring information using computer programs, could be implemented in an archival information system. It includes a summary of the development and nature of hypertext, a discussion of archival information systems and the needs of users regarding information retrieval, and a discussion of how the capacities of hypertext can be applied to archival retrieval systems and how a possible hypertext retrieval system could be structured. Additionally, aspects of a hypothetical hypertext information system are presented to illustrate how archival information could be organized using hypertext and how that information could be browsed and retrieved. (Original abstract - amended)

Attempts at improving anastomoses have included the development of stapling techniques. Our purpose was to evaluate arcuate-legged clipped versus standard sutured anastomoses of the hepatic artery (HA), portal vein (PV), and bile duct in a porcine liver transplantation model. Two groups of pigs were studied intraoperatively and 1 day after liver transplantation. A control group underwent sutured anastomosis of PV and HA with polypropylene and of bile duct with polydioxanone (n = 8). An experimental group underwent anastomoses with arcuate-legged clips (n = 8). We analyzed the time to perform anastomosis and flows before and at various time points after anastomosis. In addition, patency and histology of the anastomoses were evaluated 1 day after operation, including a fibrin-thrombosis score, medial injury, and inflammation score. Times to complete HA and PV anastomoses were not different between clipped and sutured groups. However, the time was shorter to complete bile duct anastomosis with clips than with sutures (6.3 ± 1.1 minutes and 13.3 ± 2.0 minutes, respectively). Flows through HA anastomoses were not different between groups, but flow through the PV was higher in clipped compared with sutured anastomosis (P = 0.06). Patency was 100 per cent with no leaks for all three anastomoses in both groups. Histologic data were similar between vascular anastomotic groups. Sutured bile duct anastomoses revealed mild smooth muscle injury in 75 per cent whereas clipped bile duct anastomoses displayed no smooth muscle injury. We conclude that arcuate-legged clipped anastomosis represents a viable option to sutured anastomoses of the PV, HA, and bile duct anastomoses. Bile duct anastomoses were completed in less than half the time and with less tissue damage documented histologically.