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"Taylor, Max"
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Mississippi bridge
During a heavy rainstorm in 1930s rural Mississippi, a ten-year-old white boy sees a bus driver order all the black passengers off a crowded bus to make room for late-arriving white passengers and then set off across the raging Rosa Lee River.
Book
Ideology and Motivation
This article examines ideology and motivation in terrorism through a psychological lens, responding to a debate about the analytic value of ideology. Drawing on Peters’ concept of reason-guided, socially embedded action, and integrating rule-governed behaviour and Relational Frame Theory, it argues that terrorist behaviour is shaped by verbally mediated rules rather than simple causal mechanisms. This perspective aligns partially with social-movement framing theory, but highlights individual level processes. Conceptualising ideology as a dynamic process of rule governance offers a workable framework for understanding terrorist motivation and may help address the low base-rate problem in terrorism research.
Journal Article
Molecular data and the evolutionary history of dinoflagellates
We have sequenced small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes from 16 dinoflagellates, produced phylogenetic trees of the group containing 105 taxa, and combined small- and partial large-subunit (LSU) rRNA data to produce new phylogenetic trees. We compare phylogenetic trees based on dinoflagellate rRNA and protein genes with established hypotheses of dinoflagellate evolution based on morphological data. Protein-gene trees have too few species for meaningful in-group phylogenetic analyses, but provide important insights on the phylogenetic position of dinoflagellates as a whole, on the identity of their close relatives, and on specific questions of evolutionary history. Phylogenetic trees obtained from dinoflagellate SSU rRNA genes are generally poorly resolved, but include by far the most species and some well-supported clades. Combined analyses of SSU and LSU somewhat improve support for several nodes, but are still weakly resolved. All analyses agree on the placement of dinoflagellates with ciliates and apicomplexans (=Sporozoa) in a well-supported clade, the alveolates. The closest relatives to dinokaryotic dinoflagellates appear to be apicomplexans,
Perkinsus,
Parvilucifera, syndinians and
Oxyrrhis. The position of
Noctiluca scintillans is unstable, while Blastodiniales as currently circumscribed seems polyphyletic. The same is true for Gymnodiniales: all phylogenetic trees examined (SSU and LSU-based) suggest that thecal plates have been lost repeatedly during dinoflagellate evolution. It is unclear whether any gymnodinialean clades originated before the theca. Peridiniales appear to be a paraphyletic group from which other dinoflagellate orders like Prorocentrales, Dinophysiales, most Gymnodiniales, and possibly also Gonyaulacales originated. Dinophysiales and Suessiales are strongly supported holophyletic groups, as is Gonyaulacales, although with more modest support. Prorocentrales is a monophyletic group only in some LSU-based trees. Within Gonyaulacales, molecular data broadly agree with classificatory schemes based on morphology. Implications of this taxonomic scheme for the evolution of selected dinoflagellate features (the nucleus, mitosis, flagella and photosynthesis) are discussed.
Journal Article
Extreme Right Wing Political Violence and Terrorism
In this collection, senior experts explore all aspects of extreme right wing political violence, from the nature of the threat, processes of engagement, and ideology to the lessons that can be drawn from exiting such engagement. Further, right wing activism and political violence are compared with Jihadi violence and engagement. Also, the European experience is placed within a greater framework, including that of the United States and the Arab Spring. The book opens with an essay on U.S. far right groups, investigating their origins and processes of recruitment. It then delves into violence against UK Mosques and Islamic centers, the relationship between Ulster loyalism and far right extremism, the Dutch extremist landscape, and the July 2011 Norway attacks. Also discussed are how narratives of violence are built and justified, at what point do individuals join into violence, and how differently states respond to left-wing vs. right-wing extremism. This comparative work offers a unique look into the very nature of right wing extremism and will be a must-read for anyone studying political violence and terrorism
eBook
Our lands tell our stories: supporting Indigenous co-led research through the Indigenous Foods Knowledges Network
The Indigenous Foods Knowledges Network (IFKN) brings together Indigenous researchers and community leaders from the Arctic and U.S. Southwest along with non-Indigenous researchers to foster cross-cultural interdisciplinary knowledge exchange about sovereignty of Indigenous foods. IFKN draws on cultural and scientific expertise from shared cultural protocols and practices, Indigenous Knowledges, Earth sciences, and social sciences to better understand reclamation, preservation, and perpetuation of traditional food practices to sustain Indigenous food sovereignty in a rapidly changing global environment. In this article, we discuss how IFKN developed a methodology prioritizing relational accountability encompassing both people and place while establishing a framework for collaborative learning that centers Indigenous Knowledge systems. We provide examples from our roles as Tribal community members, university researchers, and network members in creating an organizational framework for this collaborative work and connecting it to community, university, and research protocols and practices. We further describe the ways that IFKN adapted during the COVID-19 pandemic to continue to remotely co-produce knowledge and amplify concerns and priorities of community partners through non-academic settings.
Journal Article
Reconsidering Radicalization
central issue with many interpretations of radicalization remains their tendency to overemphasize the role of extremist beliefs in motivating involvement in terrorism. After elaborating on this critique, the authors propose that ‘fanaticism’, a concept developed by Taylor in the early 1990s, offers a way of overcoming this deficiency in radicalization-based approaches through its conditional understanding of when radical beliefs can lead to violent behavior. Primary-sources driven empirical analysis supports both the critique of radicalization and the discussion of fanaticism’s benefits. Results are relevant to both academics and counterterrorism practitioners working to understand the role of extremist beliefs in motivating involvement in terrorist violence.
Journal Article
Are Pyrodinium Blooms in the Southeast Asian Region Recurring and Spreading? A View at the End of the Millennium
Pyrodinium bahamense (var. compressum) has been the only dinoflagellate species that has caused major public health and economic problems in the Southeast Asian region for more than 2 decades now. It produces saxitoxin, a suite of toxins that cause Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP). A serious toxicological problem affecting many countries of the world, mild cases of this poisoning can occur within 30 minutes while in extreme cases, death through respiratory paralysis may occur within 2–24 hrs of ingestion of intoxicated shellfish. Blooms of the organism have been reported in Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, the Philippines and Indonesia. The ASEAN-Canada Red Tide Network has recorded 31 blooms of the organism in 26 areas since 1976 when it first occurred in Sabah, Malaysia. As of 1999, the most hard hit country has been the Philippines which has the greatest number of areas affected (18) and highest number of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) cases (about 1995). Malaysia has reported a total of 609 PSP cases and 44 deaths while Brunei has recorded 14 PSP cases and no fatalities. Indonesia, on the other hand has a record of 427 PSP cases and 17 deaths. Studies on ecological/environmental impacts of these blooms have not been done in the region. Estimates of economic impacts have shown that the loss could be up to USD 300 000 day−1. Most of the data and information useful for understanding Pyrodinium bloom dynamics have come from harmful/toxic algal monitoring and research that have developed to different degrees in the various countries in the region affected by the organism's bloom. Regional collaborative research and monitoring efforts can help harmonize local data sets and ensure their quality and availability for comparative analysis and modeling. Temporal patterns of the blooms at local and regional scales and possible signals and trends in the occurrence/recurrence and spread of Pyrodinium blooms could be investigated. Existing descriptive and simple predictive models of Pyrodinium blooms can be improved and refined to help in the management of the wild harvest and aquaculture of shellfish in a region where the people are dependent on these resources for their daily food sustainance and livelihood.
Journal Article
Assessing the practical implementation of the EU’s values in EU–China dialogues
Literature debating the role of the EU’s values in its external relations has neglected to adequately define and empirically explore the practical promotion or mainstreaming of these aspects in diplomatic dialogues with third countries, at the micro-level. Departing from an often abstract focus by scholars on policy outcomes at the macro-level, a concentration on micro-level processes enables an explanation of how value mainstreaming is actually taking place and the elements informing this. It encompasses the role of individual EU officials, the mechanisms guiding their activities, and the impact of interlocutors from third countries. Addressing this gap, this paper defines EU value mainstreaming and conducts a discourse analysis of a comprehensive sample of interviews with EU officials operationalising EU–China dialogues, arguably the hardest test case. It is found that value mainstreaming is rarely taking place in practice due to a nuanced combination of factors. These include EU officials’ perceived lack of responsibility for undertaking such activities, anticipated obstruction by Chinese interlocutors, and counterproductive mainstreaming approaches.
Journal Article
Trustworthy UAS: A Holistic Approach
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are increasingly important. Farmers monitor crops and apply pesticides with UAS. First responders use UAS in applications ranging from fire fighting to search and rescue operations. There is potential for rapid shopping delivery by UAS. In all these applications, UAS work closely alongside humans. Onboard firmware controls the behavior of UAS. This dissertation studies ways to improve the quality of firmware. We start by presenting the first large-scale analysis of software defects (\"bugs\") reported in open-source UAS firmware. We examine nearly 300 reported bugs in the two most popular open-source systems (ArduPilot and PX4) and categorize the defects. Motivated by our findings, we propose three technologies to automate the detection and repair of UAS bugs. First, Avis seeks to automatically diagnose sensor bugs caused by misusing onboard sensors. Second, SA4U identifies unit type errors caused by incorrectly mixing values with different physical unit types (e.g., meters and minutes) in a computation. Finally, Scalpel automatically repairs bugs found by SA4U. Deep learning is increasingly used to provide advanced autonomous behavior for UAS. To support higher quality deep learning systems we propose checkd. Checkd automates checkpoint/restore policy configurations. Underlying checkd's contribution is the thesis that better tuned models yield better behavior. Checkd helps practitioners fine-tune models by reducing the overall cost to train.
Dissertation