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"Taylor, Michelle"
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The effect of carbohydrate sources: Sucrose, invert sugar and components of mānuka honey, on core bacteria in the digestive tract of adult honey bees (Apis mellifera)
Bacteria within the digestive tract of adult honey bees are likely to play a key role in the digestion of sugar-rich foods. However, the influence of diet on honey bee gut bacteria is not well understood. During periods of low floral abundance, beekeepers often supplement the natural sources of carbohydrate that honey bees collect, such as nectar, with various forms of carbohydrates such as sucrose (a disaccharide) and invert sugar (a mixture of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose). We compared the effect of these sugar supplements on the relative abundance of bacteria in the gut of bees by feeding bees from a single colony, two natural diets: mānuka honey, a monofloral honey with known antibacterial properties, and a hive diet; and artificial diets of invert sugar, sucrose solution, and sucrose solutions containing synthesised compounds associated with the antibacterial properties of mānuka honey. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-based sequencing showed that dietary regimes containing mānuka honey, sucrose and invert sugar did not alter the relative abundance of dominant core bacteria after 6 days of being fed these diets. However, sucrose-rich diets increased the relative abundances of three sub-dominant core bacteria, Rhizobiaceae, Acetobacteraceae, and Lactobacillus kunkeei, and decreased the relative abundance of Frischella perrara, all which significantly altered the bacterial composition. Acetogenic bacteria from the Rhizobiaceae and Acetobacteraceae families increased two- to five-fold when bees were fed sucrose. These results suggest that sucrose fuels the proliferation of specific low abundance primary sucrose-feeders, which metabolise sugars into monosaccharides, and then to acetate.
Journal Article
Species replacement dominates megabenthos beta diversity in a remote seamount setting
Seamounts are proposed to be hotspots of deep-sea biodiversity, a pattern potentially arising from increased productivity in a heterogeneous landscape leading to either high species co-existence or species turnover (beta diversity). However, studies on individual seamounts remain rare, hindering our understanding of the underlying causes of local changes in beta diversity. Here, we investigated processes behind beta diversity using ROV video, coupled with oceanographic and quantitative terrain parameters, over a depth gradient in Annan Seamount, Equatorial Atlantic. By applying recently developed beta diversity analyses, we identified ecologically unique sites and distinguished between two beta diversity processes: species replacement and changes in species richness. The total beta diversity was high with an index of 0.92 out of 1 and was dominated by species replacement (68%). Species replacement was affected by depth-related variables, including temperature and water mass in addition to the aspect and local elevation of the seabed. In contrast, changes in species richness component were affected only by the water mass. Water mass, along with substrate also affected differences in species abundance. This study identified, for the first time on seamount megabenthos, the different beta diversity components and drivers, which can contribute towards understanding and protecting regional deep-sea biodiversity.
Journal Article
Characterisation of New Zealand Propolis from Different Regions Based on Its Volatile Organic Compounds
Propolis is a bee product mainly consisting of plant resins and is used by bees to maintain the structural integrity of the colony. Propolis is known to contribute to bee health via its antimicrobial activity and is a valued product for human use owing to its nutritional and medicinal properties. Propolis is often characterised into seven categories depending on the resin source. New Zealand propolis is typically assumed as being poplar-type propolis, but few studies have chemically characterised New Zealand propolis to confirm or reject this assumption. Here, for the first time, we characterise propolis originating from different regions in New Zealand based on its volatile organic compounds, using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). To support this characterisation, we also collected and analysed resin samples from a variety of resin-producing plants (both native to New Zealand and introduced). Our findings suggest that bees mainly use poplar as a resin source, but also utilize native plant species to produce propolis. While regional variation did not allow for clear separation between samples, some patterns emerged, with samples from some regions having more chemical complexity and a higher contribution from native species (as suggested by a higher number of compounds unique to native species resin). Further studies are needed to accurately identify the botanical sources contributing to these samples. It may be also of interest to explore the biological activity of regional propolis samples and their potential nutritional or medicinal benefits.
Journal Article
Global habitat suitability of cold‐water octocorals
Aim Three‐quarters of Octocorallia species are found in deep waters. These cold‐water octocoral colonies can form a major constituent of structurally complex habitats. The global distribution and the habitat requirements of deep‐sea octocorals are poorly understood given the expense and difficulties of sampling at depth. Habitat suitability models are useful tools to extrapolate distributions and provide an understanding of ecological requirements. Here, we present global habitat suitability models and distribution maps for seven suborders of Octocorallia: Alcyoniina, Calcaxonia, Holaxonia, Scleraxonia, Sessiliflorae, Stolonifera and Subselliflorae. Location Global. Methods We use maximum entropy modelling to predict octocoral distribution using a database of 12,508 geolocated octocoral specimens and 32 environmental grids resampled to 30 arc‐second (approximately 1 km2) resolution. Additionally, a meta‐analysis determined habitat preferences and niche overlap between the different suborders of octocorals. Results Suborder Sessiliflorae had the widest potential habitat range, but all records for all suborders implied a habitat preference for continental shelves and margins, particularly the North and West Atlantic and Western Pacific Rim. Temperature, salinity, broad scale slope, productivity, oxygen and calcite saturation state were identified as important factors for determining habitat suitability. Less than 3% of octocoral records were found in waters undersaturated for calcite, but this result is affected by a shallow‐water sampling bias. Main conclusions The logistical difficulties, expense and vast areas associated with deep‐sea sampling leads to a gap in the knowledge of faunal distributions that is difficult to fill without predictive modelling. Global distribution estimates are presented, highlighting many suitable areas which have yet to be studied. We suggest that approximately 17% of oceans are suitable for at least one suborder but 3.5% may be suitable for all seven. This is the first global habitat suitability modelling study on the distribution of octocorals and forms a useful resource for researchers, managers and conservationists.
Journal Article
My magic breath : finding calm through mindful breathing
Encourages children to discover their magic breath and use it when they are sad, nervous, or worried, offering clear, simple instructions for using breathing and mindfulness to guide emotions.
Book
(IN)DISCREET MODERNISM
This essay examines T. S. Eliot's lifelong practice of coterie verse, focusing on his two major coterie projects, the Bolo verses and Noctes Binanianae (1939). Instead of seeing Eliot's coterie verse as an extension of his biography, I argue that the practice of coterie poetry was important to Eliot himself, who relied on its sanctioned indiscretion as a means of destabilizing not only his, but others' aesthetic sensibilities. After tracing Eliot's thinking about coterie through his prose, I turn to the Bolo poems to understand Eliot's poetics of coterie (in)discretion; I then consider Noctes Binanianae, whose writing, I argue, enabled an Eliot who had become (and belonged to) an institution (Faber & Faber) to recover the freedom for aesthetic experimentation that defined, for him, the coterie space. Having done so, I argue, he could return after a six year hiatus to the practice of lyric and to the writing of Four Quartets. My argument has important implications not only for the study of Eliot's poetry, but for studies of modernist cultures more generally. It proposes the coterie as a critical anti-type to the institution, a means of destabilizing the taste that the institution threatens to fossilize.
Journal Article