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"Taylor, Richard S."
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British Labour and higher education, 1945 to 2000 : ideologies, policies and practice
This title explores the development of the Labour Party's policy on higher education from 1945 to 2000. The book questions the place higher education has occupied within Labour ideology.
Book
Respiratory syncytial virus and palivizumab prophylaxis in the COVID-19 era
Across Canada, both influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have been almost completely absent during the 2020/21 winter. Data from the Southern hemisphere showed the same phenomenon following the implementation of public health measures for coronavirus disease 2019. Despite the low incidence of RSV, programs across Canada have continued to promote the administration of palivizumab (PVZ) prophylaxis to eligible infants at a cost of about$1500 per dose. Canadian taxpayers are currently on track to spend nearly $ 50 million on a drug unlikely to have any benefit this winter. Here, the effectiveness of PVZ prophylaxis for infants is examined.
Journal Article
Single cell transcriptomics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) liver reveals cellular heterogeneity and immunological responses to challenge by Aeromonas salmonicida
The liver is a multitasking organ with essential functions for vertebrate health spanning metabolism and immunity. In contrast to mammals, our understanding of liver cellular heterogeneity and its role in regulating immunological status remains poorly defined in fishes. Addressing this knowledge gap, we generated a transcriptomic atlas of 47,432 nuclei isolated from the liver of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) contrasting control fish with those challenged with a pathogenic strain of Aeromonas salmonicida , a problematic bacterial pathogen in global aquaculture. We identified the major liver cell types and their sub-populations, revealing poor conservation of many hepatic cell marker genes utilized in mammals, while identifying novel heterogeneity within the hepatocyte, lymphoid, and myeloid lineages. This included polyploid hepatocytes, multiple T cell populations including γδ T cells, and candidate populations of monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells. A dominant hepatocyte population radically remodeled its transcriptome following infection to activate the acute phase response and other defense functions, while repressing routine functions such as metabolism. These defense-specialized hepatocytes showed strong activation of genes controlling protein synthesis and secretion, presumably to support the release of acute phase proteins into circulation. The infection response further involved up-regulation of numerous genes in an immune-cell specific manner, reflecting functions in pathogen recognition and killing, antigen presentation, phagocytosis, regulation of inflammation, B cell differentiation and T cell activation. Overall, this study greatly enhances our understanding of the multifaceted role played by liver immune and non-immune cells in host defense and metabolic remodeling following infection and provides many novel cell-specific marker genes to empower future studies of this organ in fishes.
Journal Article
Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Gastrointestinal Microbial Community Dynamics in Relation to Digesta Properties and Diet
To better understand salmon GI tract microbial community dynamics in relation to diet, a feeding trial was performed utilising diets with different proportions of fish meal, protein, lipid and energy levels. Salmon gut dysfunction has been associated with the occurrence of casts, or an empty hind gut. A categorical scoring system describing expressed digesta consistency was evaluated in relation to GI tract community structure. Faster growing fish generally had lower faecal scores while the diet cohorts showed minor differences in faecal score though the overall lowest scores were observed with a low protein, low energy diet. The GI tract bacterial communities were highly dynamic over time with the low protein, low energy diet associated with the most divergent community structure. This included transiently increased abundance of anaerobic (Bacteroidia and Clostridia) during January and February, and facultatively anaerobic (lactic acid bacteria) taxa from February onwards. The digesta had enriched populations of these groups in relation to faecal cast samples. The majority of samples (60–86 %) across all diet cohorts were eventually dominated by the genus Aliivibrio. The results suggest that an interaction between time of sampling and diet is most strongly related to community structure. Digesta categorization revealed microbes involved with metabolism of diet components change progressively over time and could be a useful system to assess feeding responses.
Journal Article
A versatile nuclei extraction protocol for single nucleus sequencing in non-model species–Optimization in various Atlantic salmon tissues
The use of single cell sequencing technologies has exploded over recent years, and is now commonly used in many non-model species. Sequencing nuclei instead of whole cells has become increasingly popular, as it does not require the processing of samples immediately after collection. Here we present a highly effective nucleus isolation protocol that outperforms previously available method in challenging samples in a non-model specie. This protocol can be successfully applied to extract nuclei from a variety of tissues and species.
Journal Article
Single cell transcriptomics reveals dendritic cell subsets in bovine afferent lymph and immune cell-resolved responses to BCG vaccination
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis ( M. bovis ), remains an ongoing global issue for human and animal health. The Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine offers immunity against bTB, however, the mechanisms underlying the heterogenous protective response, including variations across species and age groups requires further investigation. In this study, we focused on dendritic cells (DCs), which are crucial for adaptive immune stimulation following BCG vaccination. By capturing afferent lymph DCs (ALDCs) migrating from the skin, we investigated shifts in DC profiles and potential subset-specific functions in response to BCG vaccination. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed on samples from Bos taurus calves (n=3) before and after BCG vaccination, capturing the transcriptome of 20,761 individual cells expressing on average 3,036 genes, which were clustered into ALDCs, monocytes, T-cells, B-cells and NK cells. The ALDC subsets were further identified as cDC1 and cDC2. In homeostasis, ALDCs expressing potential subset-specific genes for cDC1, including ENSBTAG00000056208, STX4 , NEBL , ADAM23 , ART3 , and cDC2; FN1 , PSPH , FGL2 , SHOX2 , and WWTR1 were identified. Following BCG vaccination, while both DC subsets exhibited gene expression signatures indicative of antigen-presenting function, migration, and DC maturation, cDC1 showed upregulation of genes consistent with metabolic alterations and lymphocyte recruitment, whereas cDC2 upregulated genes consistent with inflammatory responses. Overall, this study comprehensively describes the transcriptomic landscape of bovine ALDC subsets, providing evidence for the importance of subset-specific genes to BCG vaccination responses, while advancing knowledge on how ALDCs contribute to protective immunity against bTB.
Journal Article
Immune cell-resolved transcriptomics provides insights into the basis for variations of fish genetic resistance to viral disease
Background
The genetic basis of host resistance to viral infections is generally shaped by complex interactions between host genetic variations affecting antiviral immunity and the rapid evolutionary adaptability of viruses. In this study, we investigated two isogenic rainbow trout lines exhibiting extreme resistance or susceptibility to the rhabdovirus VHSV. We compared transcriptomes of the pronephros — a major lymphoid organ in fish — at steady state and following VHSV infection. By integrating bulk tissue RNA-seq with single-cell RNA-seq, we mapped the divergent transcriptomic responses of resistant and susceptible fish to specific immune cell types.
Results
At steady state, differences in antiviral pathways were minimal. However, VHSV triggered markedly distinct transcriptomic shifts between the lines. Both resistant and susceptible fish exhibited a broad transcriptional response enriched in core type I interferon (IFN) pathway genes. However, line-specific responses were enriched in genes induced by infection independently of type I IFN. In resistant fish, lymphocyte responses included type I IFN pathway, numerous transcription factors, and various cytokine receptors. In contrast, lymphocyte responses in susceptible fish involved only a limited set of type I IFN-induced genes. Monocytic cell responses also diverged: susceptible fish upregulated IFN-induced genes, while resistant fish showed increased expression of proinflammatory genes.
Conclusions
This study reveals the contribution of the core set of interferon-stimulated genes conserved across vertebrates to the response of different immune cells and the response of other genes in resistant and susceptible fish. It provides a comprehensive basis for evolutionary studies of resistance to viruses in vertebrates.
Journal Article
Evaluation of the Infectious Potential of Neoparamoeba perurans Following Freshwater Bathing Treatments
Freshwater bathing for 2–3 h is the main treatment to control amoebic gill disease of marine-farmed Atlantic salmon. Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that amoebae (Neoparamoeba perurans) detach when exposed to freshwater and that some eventually reattach to culture plates when returned to seawater. Here, we evaluated the potential for gill-detached N. perurans to survive a commercially relevant treatment and infect AGD-naïve fish and whether holding used bathwater for up to 6 h post treatment would lower infectivity. AGD-affected fish were bathed in freshwater for 2 h. Naïve salmon were exposed to aliquots of the used bathwater after 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. The inoculation was performed at 30 ppt for 2 h, followed by gradual dilution with seawater. Sampling at 20 days post inoculation (dpi) and 40 dpi confirmed rapid AGD development in fish inoculated in 2 h used bathwater, but a slower AGD development following exposure to 4 h bathwater. AGD signs were variable and reduced following longer bathwater holding times. These results suggest that viable amoebae are likely returned to seawater following commercial freshwater treatments, but that the risk of infection can be reduced by retention of bathwater before release.
Journal Article
Looking for Local Adaptation: Convergent Microevolution in Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis)
Finding outlier loci underlying local adaptation is challenging and is best approached by suitable sampling design and rigorous method selection. In this study, we aimed to detect outlier loci (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) at the local scale by using Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), a drought resistant conifer that has colonized many habitats in the Mediterranean Basin, as the model species. We used a nested sampling approach that considered replicated altitudinal gradients for three contrasting sites. We genotyped samples at 294 SNPs located in genomic regions selected to maximize outlier detection. We then applied three different statistical methodologies—Two Bayesian outlier methods and one latent factor principal component method—To identify outlier loci. No SNP was an outlier for all three methods, while eight SNPs were detected by at least two methods and 17 were detected only by one method. From the intersection of outlier SNPs, only one presented an allelic frequency pattern associated with the elevational gradient across the three sites. In a context of multiple populations under similar selective pressures, our results underline the need for careful examination of outliers detected in genomic scans before considering them as candidates for convergent adaptation.
Journal Article