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The pursuit of efficient and economical catalysts for water splitting, a critical step in hydrogen production, has gained momentum with the increasing demand for sustainable energy. Among the various electrocatalysts developed to date, cobalt oxide (Co3O4) has emerged as a promising candidate owing to its availability, stability, and catalytic activity. However, intrinsic limitations, including low catalytic activity and poor electrical conductivity, often hinder its effectiveness in electrocatalytic water splitting. To overcome these challenges, substantial efforts have focused on enhancing the electrocatalytic performance of Co3O4 by synthesizing composites with conductive materials, transition metals, carbon-based nanomaterials, and metal–organic frameworks. This review explores the recent advancements in Co3O4-based composites for the oxygen evolution reaction and the hydrogen evolution reaction, emphasizing strategies such as nanostructuring, doping, hybridization, and surface modification to improve catalytic performance. Additionally, it examines the mechanisms driving the enhanced activity and stability of these composites while also discussing the future potential of Co3O4-based electrocatalysts for large-scale water-splitting applications.

Gas sensors are essential in areas such as environmental monitoring, industrial safety, and healthcare, where the accurate detection of hazardous and volatile gases is crucial for ensuring safety and well-being. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which are crystalline porous materials composed of metal nodes and organic linkers, have recently emerged as a versatile platform for gas sensing due to their adjustable porosity, high surface area, and diverse chemical functionality. This review provides a detailed overview of MOF-based gas sensors, beginning with the fundamental sensing mechanisms of physisorption, chemisorption, and charge transfer interactions with gas molecules. We explore design strategies, including functionalization and the use of composites, which improve sensitivity, selectivity, response speed, and durability. Particular attention is given to the influence of MOF morphology, pore size engineering, and framework flexibility on adsorption behavior. Recent developments are showcased across various applications, including the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), greenhouse gases, toxic industrial chemicals, and biomedical markers. Finally, we address practical challenges such as humidity interference, scalability, and integration into portable platforms, while outlining future opportunities for real-world deployment of MOF-based sensors in environmental, industrial, and medical fields. This review highlights the potential of MOFs to transform next-generation gas sensing technology by integrating foundational material design with real-world applications.

There has been growing interest in the use of bioresource waste for natural dyeing and finishing. This paper discusses dye extraction from the novel source fruit shell waste of Sterculia foetida and its application on mulberry silk fabric to confer aesthetic coloration and wellness properties such as ultra-violet (UV) protection and antibacterial properties. Treated fabrics showed a substantial increase in color depth and adequate wash, light, and rubbing fastness properties for dyed silk fabrics with and without mordanting. Pre-and post-mordanting of silk fabrics were carried out using mordants such as alum, harda (myrobalan), and copper sulfate. UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis of fruit shell extract (FSE) at different pHs and FSE with three different mordants at neutral pH was used to understand the phenomena of dye-fiber interaction. The treated fabrics characterised by ATR-FTIR, SEM-EDS, and XRD analysis indicate the nature of dye fiber interaction justifying the multifunctional properties. The treated fabric also showed very good ultraviolet protection property and antibacterial properties both against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria even after ten washes. The results indicate that Sterculia foetida fruit shell extract offers an excellent potential as coloration, antibacterial, and ultraviolet protective agent for mulberry silk fabric.

Herein, we prepare MoS2 and Cu-MoS2 catalysts using the solvothermal method, a widely accepted technique for electrocatalytic overall water-splitting applications. TEM and SEM images, standard tools in materials science, provide a clear view of the morphology of Cu-MoS2. HRTEM analysis, a high-resolution imaging technique, confirms the lattice spacing, lattice plane, and crystal structure of Cu-MoS2. HAADF and corresponding color mapping and advanced imaging techniques reveal the existence of the Cu-doping, Mo, and S elements in Cu-MoS2. Notably, Cu plays a crucial role in improving the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of the Cu-MoS2 catalyst as compared with the MoS2 catalyst. In addition, the Cu-MoS2 catalyst demonstrates significantly lower overpotential (167.7 mV and 290 mV) and Tafel slopes (121.5 mV dec−1 and 101.5 mV dec−1), standing at −10 mA cm−2 and 10 mA cm−2 for HER and OER, respectively, compared to the MoS2 catalyst. Additionally, the Cu-MoS2 catalyst displays outstanding stability for 12 h at −10 mA cm−2 of HER and 12 h at 10 mA cm−2 of OER using chronopotentiaometry. Interestingly, the Cu-MoS2‖Cu-MoS2 cell displays a lower cell potential of 1.69 V compared with the MoS2‖MoS2 cell of 1.81 V during overall water splitting. Moreover, the Cu-MoS2‖Cu-MoS2 cell shows excellent stability when using chronopotentiaometry for 18 h at 10 mA cm−2.

Objective: Erythropoietin (EPO) is neuroprotective after asphyxia in animal studies. The efficacy and safety of EPO monotherapy in term neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is uncertain. Study Design: Hundred term neonates with moderate or severe HIE were randomized by random permuted block algorithm to receive either EPO 500 U kg −1 per dose in 2 ml saline intravenously (50 neonates) on alternate days for a total of five doses with the first dose given by 6 h of age (treatment group) or 2 ml of normal saline (50 neonates) similarly for a total of five doses (placebo group) in a double-blind study. No hypothermia was given. The primary outcome was combined end point of death or moderate or severe disability at mean age of 19 months (s.d., 0.61). Results: Death or moderate or severe disability occurred in 40% of neonates in the treatment group vs 70% in the placebo group (risk ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38 to 0.85; P =0.003). Death occurred in 16% of patients in both the groups (risk ratio, 1.0; 95% CI 0.33 to 2.9; P =0.61). The risk of cerebral palsy was lower among survivors in the treatment group (risk ratio, 0.52; 95% CI 0.25 to 1.03; P =0.04) and lesser number of babies were on anticonvulsants at assessment (risk ratio, 0.47; 95% CI 0.20 to 1.01; P =0.03). Neonatal brain magnetic resonance imaging showed more abnormalities in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.66; 95% CI 0.42 to 1.03; P =0.04)). Improvement in other neurological outcomes was not significant. Conclusion: EPO monotherapy reduces the risk of death or disability in term neonates with moderate or severe encephalopathy.

In the present study, various statistical and machine learning (ML) techniques were used to understand how device fabrication parameters affect the performance of copper oxide-based resistive switching (RS) devices. In the present case, the data was collected from copper oxide RS devices-based research articles, published between 2008 to 2022. Initially, different patterns present in the data were analyzed by statistical techniques. Then, the classification and regression tree algorithm (CART) and decision tree (DT) ML algorithms were implemented to get the device fabrication guidelines for the continuous and categorical features of copper oxide-based RS devices, respectively. In the next step, the random forest algorithm was found to be suitable for the prediction of continuous-type features as compared to a linear model and artificial neural network (ANN). Moreover, the DT algorithm predicts the performance of categorical-type features very well. The feature importance score was calculated for each continuous and categorical feature by the gradient boosting (GB) algorithm. Finally, the suggested ML guidelines were employed to fabricate the copper oxide-based RS device and demonstrated its non-volatile memory properties. The results of ML algorithms and experimental devices are in good agreement with each other, suggesting the importance of ML techniques for understanding and optimizing memory devices.

In this work, Ni3V2O8 (NVO) and Ni3V2O8-reduced graphene oxide (NVO-rGO) are synthesized hydrothermally, and their extensive structural, morphological, and electrochemical characterizations follow subsequently. The synthetic materials’ crystalline structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and its unique marigold-like morphology was observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The chemical states of the elements were investigated via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were used to assess the electrochemical performance. A specific capacitance of 132 F/g, an energy density of 5.04 Wh/kg, and a power density of 187 W/kg were demonstrated by Ni3V2O8-rGO. Key electrochemical characteristics were b = 0.67; a transfer coefficient of 0.52; a standard rate constant of 6.07 × 10−5 cm/S; a diffusion coefficient of 5.27 × 10−8 cm2/S; and a series resistance of 1.65 Ω. By employing Ni3V2O8-rGO and activated carbon, an asymmetric supercapacitor with a specific capacitance of 7.85 F/g, an energy density of 3.52 Wh/kg, and a power density of 225 W/kg was achieved. The series resistance increased from 4.27 Ω to 6.63 Ω during cyclic stability tests, which showed 99% columbic efficiency and 87% energy retention. The potential of Ni3V2O8-rGO as a high-performance electrode material for supercapacitors is highlighted by these findings.

The use of natural dyes and natural finishes on textiles has become a matter of significant importance because of the increased environmental awareness to avoid some hazardous synthetic dyes and synthetic chemicals. The Delonix regia stem shells were extracted in distilled water methanol and ethanol solvents. Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the presence of bioactive chemical constituents such as saponin, terpenoid, flavonoid, glycoside, phenol and tannin using the standard procedure. All the tests showed positive for the presence of components except saponin in methanol and ethanol extract. The qualitative antibacterial analysis was done by AATCC 147 method with excerpts from three different solvents both against S. aureus (gram-positive) and E. coli (gram-negative) bacteria. Delonix regia stem shell extract (DSE) in distil water was used for natural dyeing of mulberry silk fabric. Pre-mordanting and post-mordanting of silk fabric were carried out using alum and myrobalan mordants. Treated fabrics showed a substantial increase in colour depth ( K / S ) and adequate wash, light and rubbing fastness properties without and with mordanted and dyed silk fabrics. Quantitative antibacterial analysis by AATCC 100 method was done on dyed silk fabric which showed very good resistance both against bacteria S. aureus and E. coli bacteria. Dyed silk fabric also showed good to very good ultraviolet (UV) protection property. The physicochemical composition of the untreated and without mordant treated silk fabrics were analysed by attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). In addition to that wash, durability was also measured of dyed silk fabric for antibacterial and ultraviolet protection (UPF) properties according to AATCC 61 2A washing method.

The hydrothermal method has been utilized to synthesize graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) polymers and cobalt oxide composites effectively. The weight percentage of g-C3N4 nanoparticles influenced the electrochemical performance of the Co3O4-g-C3N4 composite. In an aqueous electrolyte, the Co3O4-g-C3N4 composite electrode, produced with 150 mg of g-C3N4 nanoparticles, revealed remarkable electrochemical performance. With an increase in the weight percentage of g-C3N4 nanoparticles, the capacitive contribution of the Co3O4-g-C3N4 composite electrode increased. The Co3O4-g-C3N4-150 mg composite electrode shows a specific capacitance of 198 F/g. The optimized electrode, activated carbon, and polyvinyl alcohol gel with potassium hydroxide were used to develop an asymmetric supercapacitor. At a current density of 5 mA/cm2, the asymmetric supercapacitor demonstrated exceptional energy storage capacity with remarkable energy density and power density. The device retained great capacity over 6k galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) cycles, with no rise in series resistance following cyclic stability. The columbic efficiency of the asymmetric supercapacitor was likewise high.

In recent years, the need for future developments in sensor technology has arisen out of the changing landscape, such as pollution monitoring, industrial safety, and healthcare. MXenes, a 2D class of transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have emerged as a particularly promising group in part due to their exceptionally high conductivity, large area, and tunable surface chemistry. Proposed future research directions, including material modification and novel sensor designs, are presented to maximize Ti3C2Tx MXene-based sensors for various gas sensing applications. While recent progress in Ti3C2Tx MXene-based gas sensors is reviewed, we consolidate their material properties, fabrication strategy, and sensing mechanisms. Further, the significant progress on the synthesis and applications of Ti3C2Tx MXene-based gas sensors, as well as the innovative technologies developed, will be discussed in detail. Interestingly, the high sensitivity, selectivity, and quick response times identified in recent studies are discussed, with specificity and composite formation highlighted to have a significant influence on sensor performance. In addition, this review highlights the limitations witnessed in real-life implementability, including stability, the possibility of achieving reproducible results, and interaction with currently available technologies. Prospects for further work are considered, emphasizing increased production scale, new techniques for synthesis, and new application areas for Ti3C2Tx MXenes, including electronic nose and environmental sensing. Contemplating the existing works, further directions and the development framework for Ti3C2Tx MXene-based gas sensors are discussed.