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Urban density and Covid-19: towards an adaptive approach
A literature review and analysis is presented on the influence that urban density has on the diffusion of Covid-19. Six main categories of factors are identified: urban settlement, socioeconomic factors, urban services, urban environment, policies and time. At this stage there is no scientific consensus about the effect of density. Urban connectivity appears to play a bigger role in the diffusion of the pandemic. Important gaps are identified in the literature on the compared governance of risk and the density at the building level. More research should be directed to the evaluation of adaptation measures adopted by cities, communities and individuals. The relation between urban density and health issues should be framed in a vulnerability perspective, considering the interplay between exposure, sensitivity and the adaptive capacity of cities.Policy relevanceGiven the lack of consensus between scientific studies, it is too early to reverse the existing policies and recommendations that promote dense and compact development. Instead, more attention should be paid to the types/conditions of density and the equitable access to urban services and green infrastructures in order to minimise risks and lower the burden of social-distancing measures in dense environments. Resilience policies should focus on addressing deficiencies in the existing urban environment that are at the core of the epidemic outbreak. These policies should be based on a close collaboration with local communities and intermediate actors (e.g. planners, architects, health officials, etc.) to address social, economic and technological inequalities.
Journal Article
لا شيء
تناولت رواية \"لا شيء\" للكاتبة الدنماركية (جين تيلر) ترجمة شهد المخلفى وفي الرواية تنطلق \"تيلر\" من سؤال : هل الأطفال والمراهقون بحاجة إلى مواجهة حالات الاكتئاب والتحدث عنها ؟ حيث تم تكليفها في عام 2000 من قبل وزارة التعليم الدانماركية بتأليف رواية للشباب، حيث أثبت فيما بعد أنها واحدة من أكثر القصص استقطابا التي نشرت في العصر الحديث وتدور أحداث الرواية التي أعيد نشرها بالإنجليزية بعد ذلك عن صبي عمره 13 عاما يعاني من الاكتئاب، حيث يترك مدرسته ويقول لزملائه \"لا شيء\" يهم، لذلك فلا شيء يستحق القيام به، كل شيء يؤول إلى النهاية واعترفت \"تيلر\" بأنها كتبت القصة عندما كانت في أوائل الثلاثينات من عمرها، حيث كانت هي نفسها تمر بأزمة اكتئاب وأضافت : \"شعرت أنها قصة طبيعية جديرة بأن تحكى. فقد كنت أستهدف أن يقرأها الأطفال ممن هم في سن المراهقة. ذلك أن الأطفال بحاجة لإثبات أن هناك شيئا ما له معنى في الحياة وهم أكثر انفتاحا لمناقشة القضية في سن صغيرة\".
BOOK
Legal aspects related to digital twin
The creation of digital replicas of individuals, based on their data, gives birth to what experts in medical field called the ‘personal digital twin’. This new ‘digital self’ raises many difficulties, in sociology, in science and in law. This article presents the main issues from a legal point of view. Most of the structuring concepts of the law are questioned by these special symbiotic systems: the concept of person, identity, entitlement to rights and obligations, legal capacity, liability, data processing, etc. All these notions, which are rooted in the legal tradition, are correlated to the human person and must therefore be profoundly adapted to apply to the digital twin. It is a new experience: the law must devise concepts to take account of an entity that is halfway between people and things. We see this as an opportunity to rethink the legal framework and to consider the advent of future digital human rights. This questioning, barely sketched here, aims to make the law evolve towards a better consideration of symbiotic systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards symbiotic autonomous systems’.
Journal Article
Regulating urban densification: what factors should be used?
HighlightsUrban densification is increasingly accepted as a necessity and is important for no-net land take. Densification occurs in many places, especially fast-growing cities with a combination of demographic change, economic pressure and large transport infrastructure projects. The costs and benefits of density require a nuanced understanding: potential direct, indirect and cumulative effects (environmental, economic and social), both on- and off-site. The optimisation of densities implies a need to identify the conditions that can create the most value for the city, specify the places most appropriate for future inhabitants and activities, and promote spatial justice. The papers published in this special issue converge in depicting urban densification as a complex, nonlinear process, which has to be addressed at various scales. Multifactorial metrics of density are superior to aggregated ones because they offer a better understanding of the urban forms and how they are experienced by inhabitants and users. Both hard and soft densification have to be duly monitored and regulated if cities are to avoid overcrowding of places and buildings, which can be detrimental to urban resilience. The relation between urban densification and housing affordability is a critical factor that policymakers must address.
Journal Article
Handbags
\"In 1999 I did a book called Go-Sees where girls came knocking on my door over a one-year period to show their portfolio and themselves. Recently, walking through Paris, I found myself thinking what work I would exhibit in my upcoming museum show in Naples. Handbags, I'm just gonna do a handbag book and a show. It felt like another Go-Sees book to me. Friends of my girlfriend were asking me what kind of a photographer I am, what I photograph. I replied: 'Actually, come to think of it, mostly handbags.' I always like their astonished and disappointed faces! I realized through the 30 years of my career, I photographed a hell of a lot of handbags within my fashion work. And as the Americans once said to me, 'Where's the money shot?' I looked at them puzzled. 'Show me the money shot!' they repeated. Here they are: the money shots in this collection of images for my new book\"-- Juergen Teller.
Book
Legal aspects related to digital twin
The creation of digital replicas of individuals, based on their data, gives birth to what experts in medical field called the ‘personal digital twin’. This new ‘digital self’ raises many difficulties, in sociology, in science and in law. This article presents the main issues from a legal point of view. Most of the structuring concepts of the law are questioned by these special symbiotic systems: the concept of person, identity, entitlement to rights and obligations, legal capacity, liability, data processing, etc. All these notions, which are rooted in the legal tradition, are correlated to the human person and must therefore be profoundly adapted to apply to the digital twin. It is a new experience: the law must devise concepts to take account of an entity that is halfway between people and things. We see this as an opportunity to rethink the legal framework and to consider the advent of future digital human rights. This questioning, barely sketched here, aims to make the law evolve towards a better consideration of symbiotic systems.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards symbiotic autonomous systems’.
Journal Article
Crystal Structure of Rhodopsin: A G Protein-Coupled Receptor
Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to a variety of different external stimuli and activate G proteins. GPCRs share many structural features, including a bundle of seven transmembrane α helices connected by six loops of varying lengths. We determined the structure of rhodopsin from diffraction data extending to 2.8 angstroms resolution. The highly organized structure in the extracellular region, including a conserved disulfide bridge, forms a basis for the arrangement of the seven-helix transmembrane motif. The ground-state chromophore, 11-cis-retinal, holds the transmembrane region of the protein in the inactive conformation. Interactions of the chromophore with a cluster of key residues determine the wavelength of the maximum absorption. Changes in these interactions among rhodopsins facilitate color discrimination. Identification of a set of residues that mediate interactions between the transmembrane helices and the cytoplasmic surface, where G-protein activation occurs, also suggests a possible structural change upon photoactivation.
Journal Article