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Background and objectives: The Government of Tanzania recognises that food fortification is a cost-effective mechanism for preventing and alleviating micronutrient deficiencies and its effects, particularly anaemia (prevalence of 39.6% among adult Tanzanian women). Fortification of salt, wheat flour, maize flour and oil is currently mandatory in Tanzania, with voluntary fortification also permitted. To help increase consumer demand for fortified foods, the government introduced a fortification logo in 2013, which was supported by a public awareness campaign. Little is known about public awareness and understanding of food fortification, which are both direct demand drivers for fortified foods. The objective of this research was to understand the level of consumer awareness and knowledge of food fortification in Tanzania. Methods: A quantitative market research survey, consisting of 23 questions relating to participant's demographic characteristics, food purchasing behaviours, and awareness of and attitudes towards nutrition and food fortification, including awareness of the national food fortification logo. 1087 participants, (18-55 years, 57% female, 80% low socio-economic class) took part in the survey. Results: 53% of survey participants reported a level of awareness of food fortification. Of these 19% correctly defined food fortification, while 34% incorrectly believed that food fortification was the combining of various foods. 217 survey participants (20%) reported prior awareness of the fortification logo rising to 34% (n=371) when shown the logo. For those who were aware of the logo, 70% felt it positively influenced food purchase decisions and 51% trusted the logo. Once provided with a definition of food fortification, 34% agreed that fortification increased the nutritional value of a food; however, 30% believed that fortified foods were for the rich and are expensive. Conclusions: Despite low awareness of fortification and the logo, consumers understood the nutritional benefits of food fortification when provided with a definition. Reported spontaneous awareness of Tanzania's food fortification was consistent with findings of a larger national survey, where 13.3% of respondents reported ever seeing the logo. Further awareness raising campaigns on the role of food fortification and of the national logo are warranted, in order to support increased consumer demand for fortified foods and consequently nutrient intakes.

Background and objectives: The Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement was established in 2010 to encourage government led, collective action to end malnutrition in all forms. The SUN Business Network (SBN) is one of four networks supporting the SUN Movement and acts to engage and support the private sector to undertake business action on nutrition in support of national nutrition objectives. SBN operates at the global and national levels, with 13 national networks engaging the private sector on nutrition in Africa, Asia and Latin America. SBN wanted to establish a functioning private sector engagement and commitment platform on nutrition in Nigeria, aligned with the Government's nutrition strategy. Methods: Between August 2015 and April 2016 a strategy for private sector engagement was developed, following a review of national nutrition priorities, stakeholder interviews and analysis of existing business activities to address malnutrition in Nigeria. Priority areas for business action on nutrition were identified and a business engagement and commitment platform on nutrition developed. Results: 'Increasing consumer awareness and demand creation for nutritious foods' and 'nutrition in the agriculture value chain' were identified as priority areas for business action. These areas were validated by stakeholders including the Federal Ministries of Health, Agriculture and Budget and National Planning. SBN Nigeria launched its membership and commitment platform in April 2016, with 20 business members signing up with commitments to address malnutrition. As of end March 2017, the membership has grown to 44 businesses (59% small-medium enterprises, 23% multinationals). Commitments made include activities to include availability and/or affordability of nutritious products (47%), increasing consumer awareness of nutrition (26%) and increased food fortification and use of bio-fortified crops (13%). Businesses have also signed up to activities within the priority workstreams. Conclusions: SBN Nigeria was successfully launched as the only business platform dedicated to nutrition in the country. In order to deliver impact and ensure business action to improve nutrition, SBN Nigeria will convene workstreams for action in priority areas, facilitate partnerships and the provision of technical assistance as well as track progress of members' nutrition commitments. SBN Nigeria will monitor business progress towards their nutrition commitments and business impact on nutrition.

The Turkana name their years instead of counting them and 1997 was \"na tip tip\" - year of the small rains, that only made a tiny \"tip-tip\" sound. In this situation - losing 95% of his stock - [Peter Ekai]'s father's only chance to recover is with Oxfam's assistance. Unpredictable rain can be explained by changes in the climate, and these changes are accelerating. What the Turkana call curses, we call climate change. We know why it's happening, they don't - and yet they're the ones who have to adapt to increases in global temperatures.

Superior Court Judge Francis J. Darigan Jr. imposed the sentences on brothers [Michael Derderian] and Jeffrey Derderian, as part of a controversial plea bargain. More than two- dozen relatives of those killed assailed the sentences in court as insults to the memories of their loved ones and to the criminal justice system. At the start of the proceedings, Darigan had specified that comments be limited to how the deaths of loved ones had changed the witnesses' lives. All comments were to be addressed to him, not to the defendants. And he prohibited criticism of the Derderians or the way the plea deal was fashioned. \"This isn't a public hearing; this isn't a rally,\" he told one witness whom he cut off. Darigan said he had seen \"horrifying and gruesome\" photographs of victims and an \"extremely disturbing\" 20-minute video tape from the night of the fire that could further traumatize the public. Other factors he cited were uncertain prospects for convictions, the Derderians' clean criminal records, and the difficulty of selecting an impartial jury in a state where most people know someone touched by the disaster.

After meeting with each child and his or her parents separately yesterday, O'Mard-Gentle suspended the children starting Monday for violating the school system's ban on sexual harassment, [Jonathan Palumbo] said. The disciplinary code bans \"sexually related physical contacts or offensive sexual insults or comments.\" Owen Toney, a parent organizer for ACORN, said his group urged Superintendent Thomas W. Payzant a few years ago to provide more bus monitors. \"Kids are stressed when they're on the bus,\" Toney said yesterday. \"They're fighting and bullying. If there were a monitor on the bus, then it wouldn't be happening.\" Palumbo said the school bus apparently did not have a monitor. The school system will meet with officials from the bus company to determine whether a monitor is necessary on that bus.

Abstract CBL is a RING type E3 ubiquitin ligase that functions as a negative regulator of tyrosine kinase signaling and loss of CBL E3 function is implicated in several forms of leukemia. The Src-like adaptor proteins (SLAP/SLAP2) bind to CBL and are required for CBL-dependent downregulation of antigen receptor, cytokine receptor, and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Despite the established role of SLAP/SLAP2 in regulating CBL activity, the nature of the interaction and the mechanisms involved are not known. To understand the molecular basis of the interaction between SLAP/SLAP2 and CBL, we solved the crystal structure of CBL tyrosine kinase binding domain (TKBD) in complex with SLAP2. The carboxy-terminal region of SLAP2 adopts an α-helical structure which binds in a cleft between the 4H, EF-hand, and SH2 domains of the TKBD. This SLAP2 binding site is remote from the canonical TKBD phospho-tyrosine peptide binding site but overlaps with a region important for stabilizing CBL in its autoinhibited conformation. In addition, binding of SLAP2 to CBL in vitro activates the ubiquitin ligase function of autoinhibited CBL. Disruption of the CBL/SLAP2 interface through mutagenesis demonstrated a role for this protein-protein interaction in regulation of CBL E3 ligase activity in cells. Our results reveal that SLAP2 binding to a regulatory cleft of the TKBD provides an alternative mechanism for activation of CBL ubiquitin ligase function. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.