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Colloid Science - Principles, Methods and Applications (2nd Edition)
Colloidal systems are important across a range of industries, such as the food, pharmaceutical, agrochemical, cosmetics, polymer, paint and oil industries, and form the basis of a wide range of products (eg. cosmetics & toiletries, processed foodstuffs and photographic film). A detailed understanding of their formation, control and application is required in those industries, yet many new graduate or postgraduate chemists or chemical engineers have little or no direct experience of colloids. Based on lectures given at the highly successful Bristol Colloid Centre Spring School, this book provides a thorough introduction to colloid science for industrial chemists, technologists and engineers. Lectures are collated and presented in a coherent and logical text on practical colloid science.
eBook
High-resolution, high-contrast mid-infrared imaging of fresh biological samples with ultraviolet-localized photoacoustic microscopy
Mid-infrared (MIR) microscopy provides rich chemical and structural information about biological samples, without staining. Conventionally, the long MIR wavelength severely limits the lateral resolution owing to optical diffraction; moreover, the strong MIR absorption of water ubiquitous in fresh biological samples results in high background and low contrast. To overcome these limitations, we propose a method that employs photoacoustic detection highly localized with a pulsed ultraviolet laser on the basis of the Grüneisen relaxation effect. For cultured cells, our method achieves water-background suppressed MIR imaging of lipids and proteins at ultraviolet resolution, at least an order of magnitude finer than the MIR diffraction limits. Label-free histology using this method is also demonstrated in thick brain slices. Our approach provides convenient high-resolution and high-contrast MIR imaging, which can benefit the diagnosis of fresh biological samples.Photoacoustic detection highly localized with a pulsed ultraviolet laser based on the Grüneisen relaxation effect allows water-background suppressed mid-infrared (MIR) imaging of lipids and proteins at ultraviolet resolution, at least an order of magnitude finer than the MIR diffraction limits.
Journal Article
Finite time blowup for an averaged three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation
The Navier-Stokes equation on the Euclidean space R3\\mathbb {R}^3 can be expressed in the form ∂tu=Δu+B(u,u)\\partial _t u = \\Delta u + B(u,u), where BB is a certain bilinear operator on divergence-free vector fields uu obeying the cancellation property ⟨B(u,u),u⟩=0\\langle B(u,u), u\\rangle =0 (which is equivalent to the energy identity for the Navier-Stokes equation). In this paper, we consider a modification ∂tu=Δu+B~(u,u)\\partial _t u = \\Delta u + \\tilde B(u,u) of this equation, where B~\\tilde B is an averaged version of the bilinear operator BB (where the average involves rotations, dilations, and Fourier multipliers of order zero), and which also obeys the cancellation condition ⟨B~(u,u),u⟩=0\\langle \\tilde B(u,u), u \\rangle = 0 (so that it obeys the usual energy identity). By analyzing a system of ordinary differential equations related to (but more complicated than) a dyadic Navier-Stokes model of Katz and Pavlovic, we construct an example of a smooth solution to such an averaged Navier-Stokes equation which blows up in finite time. This demonstrates that any attempt to positively resolve the Navier-Stokes global regularity problem in three dimensions has to use a finer structure on the nonlinear portion B(u,u)B(u,u) of the equation than is provided by harmonic analysis estimates and the energy identity. We also propose a program for adapting these blowup results to the true Navier-Stokes equations.
Journal Article
Microscopy : a very short introduction
Using light, electrons, or X-rays, microscopes today form a vital tool not only in biology but in many other disciplines, including materials science and nanotechnology. In this Very Short Introduction Terence Allen describes the scientific principles behind the main forms of microscopy, and the exciting new developments in the field. Beginning with a brief history of microscopy, Allen surveys the diverse and powerful forms of miscroscopes available today, illustrating how microscopy impinges on almost every aspect of our daily lives.
Book
The Wine of Circe
Using potions together with her magical wand, she wields the power to change visitors or adversaries into animals such as pigs, lions, or wolves. Toxins implicated in foodborne illness are usually the result of growth of toxin-producing organisms, most commonly Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum, or Clostridium perfringens. From ancient legends of transformation and poisoning to modern challenges of food safety, Circe’s tale of foodborne illness, albeit intentional, reminds us of the enduring interplay between myth, art, and human experience.
Journal Article
Gossip and reputation in everyday life
Gossip—a sender communicating to a receiver about an absent third party—is hypothesized to impact reputation formation, partner selection, and cooperation. Laboratory experiments have found that people gossip about others' cooperativeness and that they use gossip to condition their cooperation. Here, we move beyond the laboratory and test several predictions from theories of indirect reciprocity and reputation-based partner selection about the content of everyday gossip and how people use it to update the reputation of others in their social network. In a Dutch community sample (N = 309), we sampled daily events in which people either sent or received gossip about a target over 10 days (ngossip = 5284). Gossip senders frequently shared information about targets’ cooperativeness and did so in ways that minimize potential retaliation from targets. Receivers overwhelmingly believed gossip to be true and updated their evaluation of targets based on gossip. In turn, a positive shift in the evaluation of a target was associated with higher intentions to help them in future interactions, and with lower intentions to avoid them in the future. Thus, gossip is used in daily life to impact and update reputations in a way that enables partner selection and indirect reciprocity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.
Journal Article