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Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are circular, nonenveloped small double-stranded DNA viruses that infect stratified epithelium and can cause a number of life-threatening diseases. HPV is the central risk factor for developing cervical cancer and is estimated that approximately 98% of this disease is associated with oncogenic types of HPV. HPV infection leads to an estimated 266,000 cervical cancer deaths annually. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV infection and risk factors associated with cervical lesion among women attending the cervical cancer screening clinic at the Ethiopian Family Guidance Association, Addis Ababa. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HPV infection. Data were collected using a questionnaire and samples leftover from cervical screening were taken. The leftover swab was air dried and DNA was extracted and amplified by using a PCR. A total of 247 women were included in the study. The prevalence of HPV was 9.72% among the population studied. Of all participants, 27.13% were positive for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia-1 (CIN1). CIN1 positivity was found in half of HPV positive women. Among HPV positive women, half of them had started sexual intercourse at ages 12–17 years and 41.66% were women who gave birth at ages 12–17 years. The high prevalence of HPV and the CIN1 positive group were ages 36–57 and women with multiple sexual partners. The other groups with the highest CIN1 positive were 22.39% grade (9–12) and 20.9% primary (1–8) and uneducated women. Among HPV positive women, 83.33% had an abortion history and 80% miscarried in the first trimester. Among the CIN1 positives, 53.73% had more than two sexual partners. Among HPV positive women, half of them were users of contraception methods. In conclusion, the highest prevalence of HPV is among women who began sexual intercourse earlier and who gave birth at 12–17 years of age, have an abortion history, with MSP and oral contraceptive methods users. In addition to HPV, early pregnancy and sexual intercourse at 12–17 years of age, abortion, MSP, and oral hormonal contraceptives are factors in cervical cancer. Finally, most women do not have enough knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer and the risk factor.

Background Cytarabine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog that plays a crucial role in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. It is typically used in combination with anthracyclines during both induction and consolidation chemotherapy. The well-known side effects of cytarabine include myelosuppression, mucositis, and gastrointestinal disturbances, while cardiotoxicity is rare. Among the cardiovascular effects, sinus bradycardia is uncommon and often underreported. The exact mechanisms behind this condition remain unclear, but several theories have been proposed. These include direct cytotoxic effects on the cardiac conduction system, autonomic imbalance, metabolic or electrolyte disturbances, and immune-mediated hypersensitivity. Most reported cases of bradycardia are transient and asymptomatic, occurring during or shortly after infusion. Delayed or recurrent instances of bradycardia are particularly uncommon. Case presentation We report the case of a 24-year-old Ethiopian female diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia who developed delayed and recurrent sinus bradycardia accompanied by transient left ventricular systolic dysfunction during cytarabine therapy. Her initial echocardiographic evaluation showed a normal cardiac function, with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 65%. The first episode of asymptomatic bradycardia occurred approximately 1 month after completing a low-dose cytarabine and doxorubicin induction regimen, accompanied by a transient decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction to 50%, which subsequently normalized. During consolidation therapy with intermediate-dose cytarabine, she experienced a second, more pronounced episode of bradycardia. This episode resolved following the temporary discontinuation of cytarabine and close monitoring. Laboratory evaluations ruled out possible causes of bradycardia including electrolyte abnormalities, thyroid dysfunction, and infection. The Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale yielded a score of 9, indicating a definite drug-related event. Conclusion Cytarabine-induced sinus bradycardia is a rare but clinically significant adverse event that may occur even in patients without pre-existing cardiac disease or traditional cardiotoxic risk factors. This case is unique for its delayed onset, recurrence upon rechallenge, and transient decline in left ventricular ejection fraction. Clinicians should maintain vigilance for bradyarrhythmias during both induction and consolidation phases of cytarabine therapy, even at lower doses. Awareness of this phenomenon allows timely recognition, avoidance of unnecessary treatment discontinuation, and safe continuation of potentially curative therapy under appropriate cardiac monitoring.

Foodborne diseases (FBDs) remain a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with the African region carrying the heaviest burden globally. Surveillance efforts in these settings often overlook rural and resource-limited communities, limiting our understanding of pathogens transmission dynamics in these settings. In this study, we use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and metagenomic approaches to characterize enteric pathogens from human, animal, and environmental sources across four African LMICs between 2019 and 2023. We analyze 446 bacterial isolates of Salmonella , Shigella , Escherichia coli , and Campylobacter , of which 380 high-quality genomes were subjected to phylogenetic and genotypic analyses. Additionally, 139 of 168 metagenomic samples pass quality control and were assessed for pathogen abundance and diversity. Our results reveal a geographically stable distribution of foodborne pathogens over time, suggesting persistent ecological or infrastructural factors influencing their maintenance. Genomic comparisons also identify closely related isolates across distinct sources and regions, pointing to potential transmission routes. These findings highlight the value of incorporating targeted environmental and food-chain sampling into surveillance strategies and demonstrate that metagenomic sequencing can serve as a practical and informative addition to WGS-based surveillance in resource-limited settings. This study used whole-genome and metagenomic sequencing to trace foodborne pathogens across humans, animals, and environments in four African countries, revealing persistent transmission routes and highlighting new opportunities for surveillance.