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Purpose Both laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and liraglutide cause a significant weight loss. We evaluated the effect of liraglutide in comparison with placebo on total weight loss (TWL) and excess body weight loss (EWL) and when added in initial weight loss period after LSG in obese individuals. Material and Methods Participants with BMI > 30 kg/m 2 undergoing LSG were randomised to receive either liraglutide (subcutaneous) in increasing does of 0.6 mg/day until maximum tolerated dose of 3.0 mg (L-L group) or placebo (L-P group) from 6 weeks post-operative until 6 months. Weight, BMI, %TWL, %EWL, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, HOMA-IR, resolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, sleep apnea and quality of life were evaluated. Primary end point was %TWL and % EWL at post-operative 6 months. Results Thirty participants underwent LSG, and 23 were randomised to receive liraglutide ( n  = 12) or placebo ( n  = 11).The mean dose of liraglutide in L-L group was 1.41 ± 0.49 mg/day. Patients in L-L group had %TWL of 28.2 ± 5.7 and %EWL of 58.7 ± 14.3 as compared with 23.2 ± 6.2 ( p  = 0.116) and 44.5 ± 8.6 ( p  = 0.043) in L-P group at 24 weeks, respectively. BMI decreased by 11.7 ± 3.5 in L-L group compared with 9.5 ± 4.0 in L-P group ( p  = 0.287). All patients with diabetes or pre-diabetes had resolution of dysglycemia in the L-L group as compared with 50% in L-P group. However, there was no significant difference in resolution of other obesity-related comorbidities between two groups at 24-week follow-up. Conclusion Liraglutide added early after LSG significantly augments weight loss from LSG in obese individuals. Trial Registration The study protocol was registered at clinical trials.gov.in with NCT: 04325581.

Betulinic acid (BA) exhibits many biological effects including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Free radicals and pro-inflammatory mediators play an important role in the pathology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and associated pain. We, therefore, examined the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive potential of BA in colitis. Colitis was induced with 3% (w/v) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water in mice for 1to7 days. BA (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg) was given orally for 0 to 7 days. BA was also tested for its efficacy in acetic acid and mustard oil-induced visceral nociception in mice at same doses. BA significantly prevented diarrhea; bleeding and colonic pathological changes induced by DSS. Further, BA reduced the colon nitrite, malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, and lipid hydroperoxide levels and restored the superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione levels to normalize the redox balance in DSS-exposed mice. Inflammatory mediators like matrix metalloproteinase-9 and prostaglandin E2 levels were also significantly attenuated by BA in colitis mice. Additionally, BA reduced acetic acid and mustard oil-induced visceral pain in mice. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that BA possesses good anti-nociceptive activity and the anti-IBD effects of BA are due to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.

Nanotechnology, defined by the manipulation of materials on an atomic or molecular scale, is revolutionizing diverse fields such as medicine and agriculture. In the livestock sector, nanotechnology holds immense promise for enhancing animal health, productivity, and welfare. In this review, we discuss the transformative potential of nanotechnology applications in livestock management, particularly in the areas of drug delivery, disease diagnostics, nutrition, and reproduction. Nanoscale particles enable targeted and controlled release of therapeutics, improving treatment efficacy and reducing side effects. The use of nanosensors for real-time health monitoring facilitates early disease detection and effective disease management. Furthermore, nanotechnology enhances feed efficiency by optimizing nutrient absorption and preventing spoilage through innovative nano-additives and coatings. In reproduction, nanoparticle-based techniques improve the success of artificial insemination and embryo transfer, thus supporting breeding programs. Despite these advancements, the integration of nanotechnology in livestock practices faces challenges related to safety, regulatory approval, and public perception. This review explores the types, synthesis, and characterization of various nanomaterials used in veterinary medicine, including metallic, polymeric, and lipid-based nanoparticles, as well as their applications in stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Current innovations in nanoparticle-mediated vaccine development and disease diagnosis are also explored. The future of nanotechnology in livestock management is likely to involve the development of integrated nanosystems that combine diagnostics, treatment, and monitoring, paving the way for more sustainable and effective agricultural practices. However, comprehensive research is needed to fully understand the long-term impacts of nanoparticles on animal health and the environment, ensuring their safe and responsible use.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of kaempferol in isoprenaline (ISP)-induced myocardial injury in rats. ISP was administered subcutaneously for two subsequent days to induce myocardial injury. Assessment of myocardial injury was done by estimation of hemodynamic functions, myocardial infarcted area, cardiac injury markers, lipid profile, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines and histopathology of heart and liver. Rats pretreated with kaempferol showed reduction in the myocardial infarcted area and heart rate. However, no improvement was observed in change in body weight, mean arterial, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Kaempferol showed significant decrease in serum LDH, CK-MB, troponin-I and lipid profile. However, highest dose of kaempferol did not reduce the serum triglyceride level. Further, antioxidant enzymes, SOD and catalase, were also higher. However, reduced glutathione, serum SGOT and creatinine did not show any improvement. Kaempferol showed reduction in MDA level. Kaempferol at highest dose showed reduction in pro-MMP-2 expression and MMP-9 level. mRNA expression level of TNF-α was not different in kaempferol-pretreated myocardial injured rats with ISP-alone group. Pretreatment with kaempferol at highest dose showed mild mononuclear infiltration and degenerative changes in heart tissue section of myocardial injured rats. Rats pretreated with kaempferol at higher concentration showed normal cordlike arrangement of hepatocytes with moderate swelling of hepatocytes (vacuolar degeneration) around the central vein. Study suggests that kaempferol attenuated lipid profile, infarcted area and oxidative stress in ISP-induced myocardial injury in rats.

Background Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Sigma-1 receptors (σ1Rs) are novel chaperone proteins that regulate ER stress. However, effect of σ1R activation on renal ER stress is yet unexplored. So, in the present study we investigated the effects of PRE-084, a σ1R agonist on renal injury and ER stress in the rat model of CKD. Methods CKD group rats were fed adenine for 28 days and CKD treatment group rats were additionally administered PRE-084 intraperitoneally at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg body weight dose from Day 22–28. ER stress markers were evaluated using molecular biology techniques such as immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results Marked kidney injury was observed in CKD rats as revealed by biochemical and histological findings. Expression of ER stress proteins such as phosphorylated protein kinase R-like ER kinase (p-PERK), cleaved activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6f), phosphorylated inositol requiring enzyme1α (p-IRE1α) and caspase-12 were higher in CKD rats. Nevertheless, CKD rats treated with PRE-084 particularly at 10 mg/kg dose showed considerably lesser kidney injury along with higher expression of σ1R and marked reduction of all the ER stress proteins studied. Conclusion Results reveal that PRE-084 likely ameliorated the adenine-induced kidney injury by lowering ER stress through increased σ1R expression.

BACKGROUND: Wound-related infections and complications are rare after day care laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). They can have a significant adverse impact on the postoperative course after an uneventful elective LC. The use of topical antibiotics over the port site may prevent such complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This trial was conducted from January 2018 to June 2019. Two hundred and fifty patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. They were randomized into the topical antibiotic group (Group A, n = 125) and control group (Group B, n = 125). All patients underwent four-port LC. Mupirocin 2% topical antibiotic ointment was applied to all four-port sites in Group A, whereas no topical antibiotic was used in Group B. One dose of prophylactic systemic antibiotics was given to all patients in both groups. RESULTS: The mean age was 43.22 ± 12.7 years in Group A and 43.44 ± 12.5 years in Group B. The comorbidities and the other variables were comparable between the two groups. The port-site infection (PSI) was observed in one patient in Group A and three patients in Group B, which was statistically nonsignificant (P = 0.622). The mean time of detection of infection was 4.75 ± 1.7 days. All the infections were superficial surgical site infections. Microbiological swabs culture of the infected wounds yielded no growth of bacteria. CONCLUSION: The PSI after LC is very less. The use of topical antibiotics to prevent PSIs after LC could not be established.

Anatomic variation of the hepatic artery is common and often seen in patients with periampullary carcinoma undergoing a pancreatic duodenectomy. Replaced right hepatic artery from the superior mesenteric artery is the most common variant encountered. Here we present a rare case of an unclassified pattern of the variant anatomy of replaced right hepatic artery originating from the celiac trunk along with an accessory left hepatic artery arising from the left gastric artery in a patient with periampullary carcinoma undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Abstract Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterised by the absence of the uterus and upper vagina. It typically presents in adolescent females with primary amenorrhoea despite normal secondary sexual characteristics and a 46 XX karyotype, with an incidence of 1 in 4500 female births. A 20-year-old married female presented with a chief complaint of bilateral inguinal swelling persisting for the past 5-6 months. She had primary amenorrhoea and was sexually active without dyspareunia or coital difficulties. A general examination was normal. Bilateral reducible inguinal hernias, measuring 4 cm × 5 cm (left) and 2 cm × 2 cm (right), with a positive cough impulse, were noted. Hormonal parameters were normal. Karyotyping showed a normal 46 XX in all cells. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed the absence of the uterus, with both ovaries present in the inguinal canals. Diagnostic laparoscopy confirmed the absence of the uterus, a wide left deep inguinal ring with herniating ovary and Müllerian structures, and an open right deep inguinal ring with a herniating ovary and Müllerian nodule. Hernia reduction followed by pre-peritoneal space dissection was performed. A 10 cm × 15 cm non-absorbable polypropylene mesh (Ethicon) was placed and fixed with tackers. The left round ligament was divided to prevent future recurrence of the hernia. Early diagnosis and management of such cases are essential to prevent complications like ovarian torsion. This case underscores the importance of recognising MRKH syndrome presentations for timely and effective treatment.

Periampullary carcinoma in adolescents is very rare and may be associated with hereditary syndromes. Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) in adolescents is rarely performed. The experience and results of pancreaticoduodenectomy in adolescents are not well reported. Here, we report a case of periampullary carcinoma, duodenal origin, signet ring type with microsatellite instability (MSI), in a 13-year-old male for which pancreaticoduodenectomy was successfully done.

I1,2,3' Typically diagnosed in the sixth to seventh decade of life, often presents with non-specific symptoms, leading to late-stage detection with sizable masses and widespread disease. ^ Metastasis commonly occurs in the inguinal, mesenteric, hypogastric, and paraaortic lymph nodes, with distant spread often involving the liver, lungs, brain, and bones. ^ The 5-year survival rate is less than 20%, with a median survival of fewer than 2 years. ^ Diagnostic assessment comprises of colonoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound and imaging such as thoracic, abdominal and pelvic CT or PET-CT scans. Prophylactic inguinal lymph node dissection does not improve survival rates and only increases surgical morbidity, even with clinically positive nodes. Matsuda A, Miyashita M, Matsumoto S, Takahashi G, Matsutani T, Yamada T, Kishi T, Uchida E. Abdominoperineal resection provides better local control but equivalent overall survival to local excision of anorectal malignant melanoma: a systematic review.