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Le cancer de l'œsophage est une tumeur de mauvais pronostic. Sa gravité est liée au retard de diagnostic qui se fait le plus souvent au stade de métastase en Afrique. Les métastases costales de ce cancer sont rares. Nous rapportons un cas de carcinome épidermoïde du bas œsophage avec métastases costales lytiques chez une patiente sénégalaise de 38 ans. Il s’agissait de madame TD, âgée de 38 ans admise pour une tuméfaction douloureuse de l’hémithorax droit dans un contexte d’amaigrissement. La patiente signalait par ailleurs une dysphagie d’allure mécanique évoluant depuis 4 mois qui n’avait pas motivé de consultation. L’examen objectivait un mauvais état général, une tuméfaction dure, sensible mesurant 3 cm de grand axe, siégeant sur la face antérolatérale de l’hémithorax droit en regard de la 5ème côte. Les examens biologiques mettaient en évidence une anémie normochrome normocytaire avec un taux d’hémoglobine à 9,4 g/dl, un syndrome inflammatoire biologique non spécifique et une hypercalcémie (calcémie corrigée= 107 mg/l). L’endoscopie oeso-gastroduodénale objectivait une lésion ulcéro bourgeonnante sténosante à 32 cm des arcades dentaires. L’examen anatomopathologique des biopsies mettait en évidence un carcinome épidermoïde moyennement différencié. La tomodensitométrie thoraco-abdomino pelvienne montrait en plus de la tumeur œsophagienne, une lyse osseuse de l’arc antérieure de la 5ème côte, des nodules pulmonaires carcinomateuses et un épanchement pleural bilatéral. La ponction exploratrice du liquide pleural ramenait un liquide sérohématique et l’examen cytologique de ce liquide objectivait des cellules carcinomateuses. Le diagnostic de carcinome épidermoïde du bas œsophage avec métastases costales, pleurales et pulmonaires était retenu et un traitement palliatif instauré. L’évolution était marquée par le décès de la patiente survenu 3 mois après la réalisation de la gastrostomie, dans un tableau de détresse respiratoire. L’originalité de cette observation tient au siège atypique des métastases de ce cancer de l’œsophage; mais aussi le terrain de survenue de cette tumeur. Le cancer de l’œsophage du sujet jeune est un problème majeur en Afrique. Le challenge est de déterminer ses facteurs de risque afin de prévenir sa survenue.

Esophageal cancer is associated with poor prognosis. Its severity is linked to delayed diagnosis which is most often made once a cancer has metastasized, in Africa. Costal metastases are rare. We report a case of a 38-year old Senegalese patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the lower esophagus with lytic metastases to the ribs. Mrs. TD, aged 38, was admitted with painful swelling in right hemithorax associated with weight loss. The patient also reported mechanical dysphagia evolving during 4 months which had not motivated consultation. Clinical examination showed a poor general condition, a hard, sensitive swelling measuring 3 cm along its longer axis, located on the anterolateral surface of the right hemithorax at the level of the 5 rib. Biological examinations showed normocytic normochromic anemia with hemoglobin level of 9.4 g/dl, non-specific biological inflammatory syndrome, and hypercalcemia (corrected calcium = 107 mg/l. Oesogastroduodenal endoscopy showed a ulcerative, budding, stenotic lesion 32 cm from the dental arches. Anatomopathological examination of the biopsies revealed moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. In addition to oesophageal tumor, thoracoabdominal-pelvic computed tomography showed bone lysis involving the anterior arch of the 5 rib, carcinomatous pulmonary nodules and bilateral pleural effusion. Pleural fluid aspiration through an exploratory needle showed serohematic fluid and the cytological examination of this fluid objectified carcinomatous cells. The diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the lower esophagus with rib, pleural and pulmonary metastases was retained and palliative treatment was initiated. The evolution was marked by the death of the patient 3 months after gastrostomy, within a context of respiratory distress. The originality of this observation is related to the atypical seat of metastases of this cancer of the esophagus as well as the risk factors of this tumor. Cancer of the esophagus in young adults is a major problem in Africa. The challenge is to determine its risk factors in order to prevent its occurrence.

Le cancer de l'ésophage est une tumeur de mauvais pronostic. Sa gravité est liée au retard de diagnostic qui se fait le plus souvent au stade de métastase en Afrique. Les métastases costales de ce cancer sont rares. Nous rapportons un cas de carcinome épidermoïde du bas ésophage avec métastases costales lytiques chez une patiente sénégalaise de 38 ans. Il s'agissait de madame TD, âgée de 38 ans admise pour une tuméfaction douloureuse de l'hémithorax droit dans un contexte d'amaigrissement. La patiente signalait par ailleurs une dysphagie d'allure mécanique évoluant depuis 4 mois qui n'avait pas motivé de consultation. L'examen objectivait un mauvais état général, une tuméfaction dure, sensible mesurant 3 cm de grand axe, siégeant sur la face antérolatérale de l'hémithorax droit en regard de la 5ème côte. Les examens biologiques mettaient en évidence une anémie normochrome normocytaire avec un taux d'hémoglobine à 9,4 g/dl, un syndrome inflammatoire biologique non spécifique et une hypercalcémie (calcémie corrigée= 107 mg/l). L'endoscopie oeso-gastroduodénale objectivait une lésion ulcéro bourgeonnante sténosante à 32 cm des arcades dentaires. L'examen anatomopathologique des biopsies mettait en évidence un carcinome épidermoïde moyennement différencié. La tomodensitométrie thoraco-abdomino pelvienne montrait en plus de la tumeur ésophagienne, une lyse osseuse de l'arc antérieure de la 5ème côte, des nodules pulmonaires carcinomateuses et un épanchement pleural bilatéral. La ponction exploratrice du liquide pleural ramenait un liquide sérohématique et l'examen cytologique de ce liquide objectivait des cellules carcinomateuses. Le diagnostic de carcinome épidermoïde du baséavec métastases costales, pleurales et pulmonaires était retenu et un traitement palliatif instauré. L'évolution était marquée par le décès de la patiente survenu 3 mois après la réalisation de la gastrostomie, dans un tableau de détresse respiratoire. L'originalité de cette observation tient au siège atypique des métastases de ce cancer de l'ésophage; mais aussi le terrain de survenue de cette tumeur. Le cancer de l'ésophage du sujet jeune est un problème majeur en Afrique. Le challenge est de déterminer ses facteurs de risque afin de prévenir sa survenue.

Content and image generation consist in creating or generating data from noisy information by extracting specific features such as texture, edges, and other thin image structures. We are interested here in generative models, and two main problems are addressed. Firstly, the improvements of specific feature extraction while accounting at multiscale levels intrinsic geometric features; and secondly, the equivariance of the network to reduce its complexity and provide a geometric interpretability. To proceed, we propose a geometric generative model based on an equivariant partial differential equation (PDE) for group convolution neural networks (G-CNNs), so called PDE-G-CNNs, built on morphology operators and generative adversarial networks (GANs). Equivariant morphological PDE layers are composed of multiscale dilations and erosions formulated in Riemannian manifolds, while group symmetries are defined on a Lie group. We take advantage of the Lie group structure to properly integrate the equivariance in layers, and are able to use the Riemannian metric to solve the multiscale morphological operations. Each point of the Lie group is associated with a unique point in the manifold, which helps us derive a metric on the Riemannian manifold from a tensor field invariant under the Lie group so that the induced metric has the same symmetries. The proposed geometric morphological GAN (GM-GAN) is obtained by using the proposed morphological equivariant convolutions in PDE-G-CNNs to bring nonlinearity in classical CNNs. GM-GAN is evaluated on MNIST data and compared with GANs. Preliminary results show that GM-GAN model outperforms classical GAN.

In this study, the detection and characteristics of dry/wet spells (defined as episodes when precipitation is abnormally low or high compared to usual climatology) drawn from several datasets are compared for Senegal. Here, four datasets are based on satellite data (TRMM-3B42 V7, CMORPH V1.0, TAMSAT V3, and CHIRPS V2. 0), two on reanalysis products (NCEP-CFSR and ERA5), and three on rain gauge observations (CPC Unified V1.0/RT and a 65-rain-gauge network regridded by using two kriging methods, namely ordinary kriging, OK, and block kriging, BK). All datasets were converted to the same spatio-temporal resolution: daily cumulative rainfall on a regular 0.25∘ grid. The BK dataset was used as a reference. Despite strong agreement between the datasets on the spatial variability in cumulative seasonal rainfall (correlations ranging from 0.94 to 0.99), there were significant disparities in dry/wet spells. The occurrence of dry spells is less in products using infrared measurement techniques than in products coupling infrared and microwave, pointing to more frequent dry spell events. All datasets show that dry spells appear to be more frequent at the start and end of rainy seasons. Thus, dry spell occurrences have a major influence on the duration of the rainy season, in particular through the “false onset” or “early cessation” of seasons. The amplitude of wet spells shows the greatest variation between datasets. Indeed, these major wet spells appear more intense in the OK and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) datasets than in the others. Lastly, the products indicate a similar wet spell frequency occurring at the height of the West African monsoon. Our findings provide guidance in choosing the most suitable datasets for implementing early warning systems (EWSs) using a multi-risk approach and integrating effective dry/wet spell indicators for monitoring and detecting extreme events.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed faults in the way we assess preparedness and response capacities for public health emergencies. Existing frameworks are limited in scope, and do not sufficiently consider complex social, economic, political, regulatory, and ecological factors. One Health, through its focus on the links among humans, animals, and ecosystems, is a valuable approach through which existing assessment frameworks can be analysed and new ways forward proposed. Although in the past few years advances have been made in assessment tools such as the International Health Regulations Joint External Evaluation, a rapid and radical increase in ambition is required. To sufficiently account for the range of complex systems in which health emergencies occur, assessments should consider how problems are defined across stakeholders and the wider sociopolitical environments in which structures and institutions operate. Current frameworks do little to consider anthropogenic factors in disease emergence or address the full array of health security hazards across the social–ecological system. A complex and interdependent set of challenges threaten human, animal, and ecosystem health, and we cannot afford to overlook important contextual factors, or the determinants of these shared threats. Health security assessment frameworks should therefore ensure that the process undertaken to prioritise and build capacity adheres to core One Health principles and that interventions and outcomes are assessed in terms of added value, trade-offs, and cobenefits across human, animal, and environmental health systems.

Pilot programs of the sterile insect technique (SIT) against Aedes aegypti may rely on importing significant and consistent numbers of high-quality sterile males from a distant mass rearing factory. As such, long-distance mass transport of sterile males may contribute to meet this requirement if their survival and quality are not compromised. This study therefore aimed to develop and assess a novel method for long-distance shipments of sterile male mosquitoes from the laboratory to the field. Different types of mosquito compaction boxes in addition to a simulation of the transport of marked and unmarked sterile males were assessed in terms of survival rates/recovery rates, flight ability and morphological damage to the mosquitoes. The novel mass transport protocol allowed long-distance shipments of sterile male mosquitoes for up to four days with a nonsignificant impact on survival (>90% for 48 h of transport and between 50 and 70% for 96 h depending on the type of mosquito compaction box), flight ability, and damage. In addition, a one-day recovery period for transported mosquitoes post-transport increased the escaping ability of sterile males by more than 20%. This novel system for the long-distance mass transport of mosquitoes may therefore be used to ship sterile males worldwide for journeys of two to four days. This study demonstrated that the protocol can be used for the standard mass transport of marked or unmarked chilled Aedes mosquitoes required for the SIT or other related genetic control programs.

African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) was one of the main disease-related constraints to the development of intensive livestock production systems in the Niayes region of Senegal, a 30 km wide strip of land along the coast between Dakar and Saint-Louis. To overcome this constraint, the Government of Senegal initiated an area-wide integrated pest management programme combining chemical control tactics with the sterile insect technique to eradicate a population of the tsetse fly Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank, 1949 (Diptera, Glossinidae) in this area. The project was implemented following a phased conditional approach, and the target area was divided into three blocks treated sequentially. This study aims to assess the temporal dynamics of the prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. during the implementation of this programme. Between 2009 and 2022, 4,359 blood samples were collected from cattle and screened for trypanosomes using both the buffy coat and ELISA techniques, and PCR tests since 2020. The seroprevalence decreased from 18.9% (95%CI: 11.2–26.5) in 2009 to 0% in 2017–2022 in block 1, and from 92.9% (95%CI: 88.2–97) in 2010 to 0% in 2021 in block 2. The parasitological and serological data confirm the entomological monitoring results, i.e. , that there is a high probability that the population of G. p. gambiensis has been eradicated from the Niayes and that the transmission of AAT has been interrupted in the treated area. These results indicate the effectiveness of the adopted approach and show that AAT can be sustainably removed through the creation of a zone free of G. p. gambiensis . La trypanosomose animale africaine (TAA) était l’une des principales contraintes pathologiques au développement de systèmes de production animale intensifs dans les Niayes du Sénégal, une bande de terre large de 30 km longeant la côte entre Dakar et Saint-Louis. Pour surmonter cette contrainte, le Gouvernement du Sénégal a lancé un programme de lutte intégrée à l’échelle de la zone combinant lutte chimique et technique de l’insecte stérile pour éradiquer une population de Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank, 1949 (Diptera, Glossinidae). Le projet a été mis en œuvre selon une approche conditionnelle progressive, et la zone cible a été divisée en trois blocs, traités de manière séquentielle. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer la dynamique temporelle de la prévalence de Trypanosoma spp. au cours de la mise en œuvre du programme. Entre 2009 et 2022, 4 359 échantillons de sang ont été prélevés sur des bovins et ont fait l’objet d’un dépistage des trypanosomes à l’aide des techniques du buffy-coat et ELISA, ainsi que de test PCR depuis 2020. Dans le bloc 1, la séroprévalence est passée de 18,9 % (IC 95 % : 11,2–26,5) en 2009 à 0 % entre 2017–2022 et de 92,9 % (IC 95 % : 88,2-97) en 2010 à 0 % en 2021 pour le block 2. Les données parasitologiques et sérologiques confirment les résultats du suivi entomologique selon lesquels il est très probable que la population de Glossina palpalis gambiensis soit éradiquée des Niayes, et que la transmission de la TAA a été interrompue dans la zone traitée. Elles indiquent l’efficacité de l’approche adoptée, et montrent que la TAA peut être durablement éliminée grâce à la création d’une zone exempte de G. p. gambiensis .

This study explores the spatiotemporal variability of the onset, end, and duration of the rainy season in Senegal. These phenological parameters, crucial for agricultural planning in West Africa, exhibit high interannual and spatial variability linked to precipitation. The objective is to detect and spatially classify these indices across Senegal using different approaches. Daily precipitation data and ERA5 reanalyses from 1981 to 2018 were utilized. The employed method enables the detection of key dates. Subsequently, the Kohonen algorithm spatially classifies these indices on topological maps. The results indicate a meridional gradient of the onset, progressively later from the southeast to the northwest, whereas the end follows a north–south gradient. The duration varies from 45 days in the north to 150 days in the south. The use of self-organizing maps allows for classifying the onset, end, and duration of the season into four zones for the onset and end, and three zones for the duration of the season. They highlight the interannual irregularity of transitions, with both early and late years. The dynamic analysis underscores the complex influence of atmospheric circulation fields, notably emphasizing the importance of low-level monsoon flux. These findings have tangible implications for improving seasonal forecasts and agricultural activity planning in Senegal. They provide information on the onset, end, and duration classes for each specific zone, which can be valuable for planning crops adapted to each region.