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"Thomas, Christophe"
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2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid: An Intriguing Precursor for Monomer and Polymer Synthesis
The most versatile furanic building block for chemical and polymer applications is 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. However, the classical 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid production methodology has been found to have significant drawbacks that hinder industrial-scale production. This review highlights new alternative methods to synthesize 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid that are both more advantageous and attractive than conventional oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. This review also focuses on the use of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid as a polymer precursor and the various potential applications that arise from these furan-based materials.
Journal Article
Versailles : the great and hidden splendors of the Sun King's palace
\"Versailles is one of the most photographed places in the world, but only four people have the privilege of being the palace's official photographers. They have uniquely unfettered access to the secrets that lie within, outside and beneath this enormous domain where they spend their days--and sometimes their nights. Here, for the first time, they open their personal albums to offer a wealth of impressions and responses. Two hundred and fifty previously unpublished photographs reveal a plethora of outstanding artworks, the private apartments of Louis XIV, Marie-Antoinette and Madame de Pompadour, magnificent galleries, the delightful Orangerie and mysterious passages and hidden attics, all accompanied by texts that present a lively introduction to daily life at the chمateau and its momentous history\"--From publisher description.
BOOK
Tandem synthesis of alternating polyesters from renewable resources
The vast majority of commodity materials are obtained from petrochemical feedstocks. These resources will plausibly be depleted within the next 100 years, and the peak in global oil production is estimated to occur within the next few decades. In this regard, biomass represents an abundant carbon-neutral renewable resource for the production of polymers. Here we report a new strategy, based on tandem catalysis, to obtain renewable materials. Commercially available complexes are found to be efficient catalysts for alternating polyesters from the cyclization of dicarboxylic acids followed by alternating copolymerization of the resulting anhydrides with epoxides. This operationally simple method is an attractive strategy for the production of new biodegradable polyesters.
Biomass-derived monomers are a renewable resource for the production of polymers. Robert
et al
. develop an auto-tandem catalytic transformation for the synthesis of aliphatic polyesters—'activated' monomers are prepared from dicarboxylic acids, which can be copolymerized with epoxides.
Journal Article
Polymer encapsulation of ruthenium complexes for biological and medicinal applications
Some Ru complexes have extremely promising anticancer or antibacterial properties, but the poor H
2
O solubility and/or low stability of many Ru complexes in aqueous solution under physiological conditions and/or metabolic or biodistribution profiles prevent their therapeutic use. To overcome these drawbacks, various strategies have been developed to improve the delivery of these compounds to their target tissues. The first strategy is based on physical encapsulation of Ru complexes in carriers, such as polymeric micelles, microparticles, nanoparticles and polymer–lipid hybrids, which enables the delivery and controlled release of the active Ru drug candidate. The second strategy involves covalent conjugation of the Ru complex to a polymer to give a prodrug that can be converted into the active drug at a more controllable rate. In this Review, we provide an overview of recent developments in polymer encapsulation of Ru complexes for biological and medicinal applications. We place particular emphasis on how polymer structure affects Ru delivery.
Ruthenium complexes have the potential to serve as potent drugs that act through unique mechanisms. This Review describes how these drugs can be efficiently and selectively delivered using polymers.
Journal Article
Encapsulation of a Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complex into Polylactide Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) also known as photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a promising strategy to eradicate pathogenic microorganisms such as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This therapy relies on the use of a molecule called photosensitizer capable of generating, from molecular oxygen, reactive oxygen species including singlet oxygen under light irradiation to induce bacteria inactivation. Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes can be considered as potential photosensitizers for aPDT/PDI. However, to allow efficient treatment, they must be able to penetrate bacteria. This can be promoted by using nanoparticles. In this work, ruthenium-polylactide (RuPLA) nanoconjugates with different tacticities and molecular weights were prepared from a Ru(II) polypyridyl complex, RuOH. Narrowly-dispersed nanoparticles with high ruthenium loadings (up to 53%) and an intensity-average diameter < 300 nm were obtained by nanoprecipitation, as characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Their phototoxicity effect was evaluated on four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and compared to the parent compound RuOH. RuOH and the nanoparticles were found to be non-active towards Gram-negative bacterial strains. However, depending on the tacticity and molecular weight of the RuPLA nanoconjugates, differences in photobactericidal activity on Gram-positive bacterial strains have been evidenced whereas RuOH remained non active.
Journal Article
A monoclonal antibody collection for C. difficile typing ?
Clostridioides difficile
is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis in adults. Various
C. difficile
strains circulate currently, associated with different outcomes and antibiotic resistance profiles. However, most studies still focus on the reference strain 630 that does not circulate anymore, partly due to the lack of immunological tools to study current clinically important
C. difficile
PCR ribotypes. The goal of this study was to generate monoclonal antibodies recognizing various epidemic ribotypes of
C. difficile.
To do so, we immunized mice expressing human variable antibody genes with the Low Molecular Weight (LMW) subunit of the surface layer protein SlpA from various
C. difficile
strains. Monoclonal antibodies purified from hybridomas bound LMW with high-affinity and whole bacteria from current
C. difficile
ribotypes with different cross-specificities. This first collection of anti-
C. difficile
mAbs represent valuable tools for basic and clinical research.
Journal Article
Protocol to develop a core outcome set in incisional hernia surgery: the HarMoNY Project
IntroductionIncisional hernia has an incidence of up to 20% following laparotomy and is associated with significant morbidity and impairment of quality of life. A variety of surgical strategies including techniques and mesh types are available to manage patients with incisional hernia. Previous works have reported significant heterogeneity in outcome reporting for abdominal wall herniae, including ventral and inguinal hernia. This is coupled with under-reporting of important clinical and patient-reported outcomes. The lack of standardisation in outcome reporting contributes to reporting bias, hinders evidence synthesis and adequate data comparison between studies. This project aims to develop a core outcome set (COS) of clinically important, patient-oriented outcomes to be used to guide reporting of future research in incisional hernia.MethodsThis project has been designed as an international, multicentre, mixed-methods project. Phase I will be a systematic review of current literature to examine the current clinical and patient-reported outcomes for incisional hernia and abdominal wall reconstruction. Phase II will identify the outcomes of importance to all key stakeholders through in depth qualitative interviews. Phase III will achieve consensus on outcomes of most importance and for inclusion into a COS through a Delphi process. Phase IV will achieve consensus on the outcomes that should be included in a final COS.Ethics and disseminationThe adoption of this COS into clinical and academic practice will be endorsed by the American, British and European Hernia Societies. Its utilisation in future clinical research will enable appropriate data synthesis and comparison and will enable better clinical interpretation and application of the current evidence base. This study has been registered with the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials initiative.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018090084.
Journal Article
Identification of DNA Binding Motifs of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis PhoP/PhoR Two-Component Signal Transduction System
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis PhoP/PhoR two-component signal transduction system controls the expression of about 2% of the genome and plays a major role in pathogenicity. However, its regulon has not been well characterized.
The binding site of PhoP transcription regulator was identified in the upstream regions of msl3, pks2, lipF and fadD21 genes, by using gene fusions, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and DNase I footprinting experiments. A consensus sequence for PhoP binding was deduced. It consists of two direct repeats, DR1/DR2, associated with a third repeat, DR3, important in some cases for PhoP binding to DR1/DR2 but located at a variable distance from these direct repeats. DR1/DR2 and DR3 consensus sequences were used to screen the whole-genome sequence for other putative binding sites potentially corresponding to genes directly regulated by PhoP. The identified 87 genes, encoding transcription regulators, and proteins involved in secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism are proposed to belong to the PhoP regulon.
A consensus sequence derived from the analysis of PhoP binding to four gene promoter regions is proposed. We show for the first time the involvement of a third direct repeat motif in this binding reaction. The consensus sequence was instrumented to study the global regulation mediated by PhoP in M. tuberculosis. This analysis leads to the identification of several genes that are potentially regulated by this key player.
Journal Article
Outcomes of laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy: a comparative analysis of fenestrating and reconstituting approaches in 170 cases
BackgroundLaparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy (LSC) is a recognised alternative to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) when it is unsafe to achieve the “critical view of safety”. Although LSC reduces the risk of bile duct injury, it is associated with increased morbidity, primarily due to bile leak. LSC can be classified as fenestrating (F-LSC) or reconstituting (R-LSC), with the latter being more complex. The objective of this study was to evaluate the two LSC techniques, their complications, and overall outcomes.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of all adult patients who underwent LSC between January 2015 and December 2021 using our electronic database. Data collected included patient demographics, prior acute biliary presentations, operative details/techniques, length of stay (LOS), 30-day complications, 30-day mortality, readmissions, and follow-up investigations/procedures. Descriptive statistics, Chi-squared tests, and relative risk were employed for data analysis.ResultsIn the study period, LSC was performed on 170 patients, showing an increasing trend over time. Most procedures (76%) were performed in the acute setting, and 37.1% of patients had a history of previous acute biliary presentations. Fenestrating LSC was the most performed technique (115 [67.6%] vs. 55 [32.4%]).Complications occurred in 80 (47.1%) patients; 60 patients (35.3%) had a bile leak. 16 patients (9.4%) required reoperation, and readmission was observed in 14 patients (8.2%). F-LSC was associated with more complications [p = 0.03 RR 2.46 (95% CI 1.5–4)], more bile leaks [p < 0.01, RR 2.1 (95% CI 1.2–3.7)], greater need for rescue postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) [p < 0.01, RR 3.8 (95% CI 1.4–10.2)], and longer LOS (6 vs. 4 days p < 0.01).ConclusionAlthough LSC is seen as a safe alternative to open conversion, our findings demonstrate a high morbidity, including reoperation/reintervention, readmissions, and complications, associated with LSC especially with F-LSC. We suggest that if LSC is performed, the reconstituted technique should be chosen, if feasible.
Journal Article